Chicago Face Database: Multiracial expansion
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Chicago Face Database: Multiracial expansion Debbie S. Ma 1 & Justin Kantner 1 & Bernd Wittenbrink 2 Accepted: 5 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Multiracial individuals represent a growing segment of the population and have been increasingly the focus of empirical study. Much of this research centers on the perception and racial categorization of multiracial individuals. The current paper reviews some of this research and describes the different types of stimuli that have been used in these paradigms. We describe the strengths and weaknesses associated with different operationalizations of multiracialism and highlight the dearth of research using faces of real multiracial individuals, which we posit may be due to the lack of available stimuli. Our research seeks to satisfy this need by providing a free set of high-resolution, standardized images featuring 88 real multiracial individuals along with extensive norming data and objective physical measures of these faces. These data are offered as an extension of the widely used Chicago Face Database and are available for download at www.chicagofaces.org for use in research. Keywords Biracial . Multiracial . Face perception . Racial categorization . Face database
Introduction The prevalence of individuals who identify as multiracial in the United States has risen steadily over the past several decades. The U.S. Census Bureau reports that individuals indicating more than one race rose from 6.8 million in 2000 to 9 million in 2010; by 2050, 1 in 5 Americans is expected to identify as multiracial (Farley, 2001). As these figures rise, it has become increasingly important to understand how multiracials are perceived by others. Studying multiracials raises important and novel theoretical questions for social psychologists interested in social categorization, trait ascription, and evaluation, as well as for cognitive psychologists, who have had a longstanding interest in the mental representation of categories and category learning. Moreover, understanding how individuals from this potentially ambiguous category are perceived and classified may provide insight into their status in and their interactions with American society (Albuja, Sanchez, & Gaither, 2018; Bratter & Gorman, 2011; Remedios & Chasteen, 2013).
* Debbie S. Ma [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8255, USA
2
University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Chicago, IL, USA
Accordingly, researchers have begun to turn their attention to investigations of multiracials in recent years. Two broad streams constitute extant research about multiracials. The first seeks to understand the lived experience of multiracial individuals (for a review see Gaither, 2015), while the second centers on the perception of multiracial individuals by others. The current research focuses on the latter issue and contributes to the growing literature on multiracial face perception by offering a free set of normed facial stimu
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