Child Growth
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providing education and support for breast-feeding, including those with titles like “Breastfeeding Online,” “Breastfeeding Basics,” “A Woman’s Guide to Breastfeeding,” and “Breastfeeding and Parenting Resources on the Internet.” One site promised more than 500 links to sites providing breast-feeding information. Breast-feeding is part of our heritage as mammals, but as culturally embedded human beings, we have an array of choices about infant feeding that no other species or past human population has ever had. Current scientific research has led educated women to choose to feed their infants in the same way that all other mammals do. Similar choices are often out of the hands of poor women in much of the world, but renewed efforts on the part of international organizations target breast-feeding as the single best and least expensive way to improve the health of infants worldwide.
REFERENCES Anonymous (1997). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 100, 1035–1039.
Dettwyler, K. A. (1995a). Beauty and the breast: The cultural context of breastfeeding in the United States. In P. Stuart-Macadam & K. A. Dettwyler (Eds.), Breastfeeding: Biocultural perspectives. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Dettwyler, K. A. (1995b). A time to wean: The hominid blueprint for the natural age of weaning in modern human populations. In P. Stuart-Macadam & K. A. Dettwyler (Eds.), Breastfeeding: Biocultural perspectives. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Ellison, P. (2001). On fertile ground: A natural history of human reproduction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Laderman, C. (1983). Wives and midwives. Childbirth and nutrition in rural Malaysia. Berkeley: University of California Press. LeVine, R. A., & LeVine, B. B. (1966). Nyansongo: A Gusii community in Kenya. New York: Wiley. Minturn, L., & Hitchcock, J. T. (1966). The Ra–jpu–ts of Khalapur, India. New York: Wiley. Nydegger, W. F., & Nydegger, C. (1966). Tarong: An Illocos barrio in the Philippines. New York: Wiley. Raphael, D. (1973). The tender gift: Breastfeeding. New York: Schocken Books. Shostak, M. (1981). Nisa. The life and words of a !Kung woman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. US Department of Health and Human Services (2000). Healthy people 2010: Understanding and improving health. Washington, DC: Author. Van Esterik, P. (1989). Beyond the breast–bottle controversy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Child Growth Barry Bogin
WHY DO ANTHROPOLOGISTS STUDY HUMAN GROWTH?1 The study of human growth has been a part of anthropology since the founding of the discipline. European anthropology of the early to mid-19th century was basically anatomy and anthropometry, the science of human body measurements (Tanner, 1981). Early practitioners of American anthropology, especially Franz Boas (1892, 1940) are known as much for their studies of human growth as for work in cultural studies, archeology, or linguistics. Boas was especially interested in the changes in body size and shape following migration from Europe to the United States. At the time
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