Childhood obesity, cardiovascular and liver health: a growing epidemic with age
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Childhood obesity, cardiovascular and liver health: a growing epidemic with age Maria Felicia Faienza1 · Mariangela Chiarito1 · Emilio Molina‑Molina2 · Harshitha Shanmugam2 · Frank Lammert3 · Marcin Krawczyk3,4 · Gabriele D’Amato5 · Piero Portincasa2 Received: 19 November 2019 / Accepted: 15 January 2020 © Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2020
Abstract Background The frequency of childhood obesity has increased over the last 3 decades, and the trend constitutes a worrisome epidemic worldwide. With the raising obesity risk, key aspects to consider are accurate body mass index classification, as well as metabolic and cardiovascular, and hepatic consequences. Data sources The authors performed a systematic literature search in PubMed and EMBASE, using selected key words (obesity, childhood, cardiovascular, liver health). In particular, they focused their search on papers evaluating the impact of obesity on cardiovascular and liver health. Results We evaluated the current literature dealing with the impact of excessive body fat accumulation in childhood and across adulthood, as a predisposing factor to cardiovascular and hepatic alterations. We also evaluated the impact of physical and dietary behaviors starting from childhood on cardio-metabolic consequences. Conclusions The epidemic of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities worldwide raises concerns about the impact of early abnormalities during childhood and adolescence. Two key abnormalities in this context include cardiovascular diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Appropriate metabolic screenings and associated comorbidities should start as early as possible in obese children and adolescents. Nevertheless, improving dietary intake and increasing physical activity performance are to date the best therapeutic tools in children to weaken the onset of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes risk during adulthood. Keywords Cardiovascular · Childhood · Liver health · Obesity
Introduction Obesity in children and adolescents has emerged as one of the most serious health problems, condition which threatens future health and longevity. Over the past 30 years, * Maria Felicia Faienza [email protected] 1
Section of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
2
Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
3
Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
4
Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Center for Preclinical Research, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
5
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Di Venere Hospital, Bari, Italy
childhood obesity rate has doubled and, in some cases, even tripled in developed countries [1]. According to the Global Health Observatory Data 2017 by World Health Organization (WHO), ther
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