Chlorination of Quartz-Leucoxene Concentrate of Yarega Field
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RODUCTION
TITANIUM tetrachloride (TiCl4) is an intermediate product for titanium sponge and pigmentary titanium dioxide production using chlorine technology.[1,2] The largest amount of TiCl4 in the world is being produced by chlorination of titanium-containing raw materials with the presence of carbon in fluidized bed reactors. Beneficiated titanium concentrates with a low content of iron, calcium, and magnesium are used for processing.[3] As a reducing agent, calcined petroleum coke is used most often, due to its low content of ash and volatile substances. The process is carried out at a temperature of 1173 K by passing chlorine through a fluidized bed at a linear feed rate of 0.2 m/s. As a result, vaporized TiCl4 and metal chlorides (FeCl2, FeCl3, VOCl3, AlCl3, MgCl2, CaCl2, etc.) are formed and oxygen is bound to CO and CO2. After vapor condensation, the raw TiCl4 is cleaned from contaminants by the methods of reagent purification and distillation; consequently, high-pure TiCl4 is obtained.[4]
K.L. ZANAVESKIN is with the A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 29, Moscow, Russia, 119991 and also with the D. Mendeleev Russian University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Square, 9, Moscow, Russia 125047. Contact e-mail: [email protected] V.P. MESHALKIN is with the D. Mendeleev Russian University of Chemical Technology and also with the Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 31, Moscow, Russia, 11999. Manuscript submitted September 2, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
The best raw materials for TiCl4 manufacturing are rutile concentrates.[3] But nowadays, due to the depletion of rutile reserves, processed products from ilmenite concentrates, such as synthetic rutile (90 to 93 pct TiO2),[5] UGS slag (95 pct TiO2),[6,7] and titanium slag (85 to 90 pct TiO2),[8,9] are mainly used for TiCl4 production. Obtaining all the aforementioned titanium-containing raw materials is based on the use of multistage resource and energy-intensive processes (a combination of ore-thermal smelting, high-temperature oxidation and solid-state reduction, and autoclave leaching). Analyzing the costs of various raw material types,[10] one can conclude that the titanium dioxide cost increases at least two times as a result of ilmenite processing. There are methods for the associated extraction of valuable metals contained in titanium raw materials, such as niobium and zirconium,[11–13] and the increase in the extraction of titanium due to the recycling of solid waste[14] and waste water[15] can slightly improve the process economy. A significant reduction in the TiCl4 production cost can be achieved by the use of unclaimed cheap raw material types that do not require energy-intensive processing. About half of all the titanium ore reserves (278.74 million tons) in Russia are located in the Yaregskoye oil and titanium deposit in the Komi Republic. The special feature of the Yaregskoye field geological structure is that the oil-titanium ore, consisting of qua
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