Clusters in Automotive and Information & Communication Technology
Information & communication technology (ICT) and the automotive sector are two of the most important industries in the EU and the US. The EU’s eastern expansion and economic globalization have reinforced competition on the one hand; on the other hand
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Paul J.J. Welfens Editor
Clusters in Automotive and Information & Communication Technology Innovation, Multinationalization and Networking Dynamics
Editor Prof. Dr. Paul J.J. Welfens EIIW - European Institute for International Economic Relations at the University of Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany and Sciences Po, Paris France
Original German edition published by Lucius & Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft mbH 2011 ISBN 978-3-642-25815-2 ISBN 978-3-642-25816-9 (e-Book) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-25816-9 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012933112 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Information and communication technology (ICT) and the automotive sector are two of the most important industries in the EU and the USA. Therefore, there is broad interest in the sectoral dynamics of these two sectors. ICT is an enabling technology that is used by every sector and the automotive is one of the strong sectors in the Old Economy that heavily relies on ICT for product and process innovations. The ICT sector—while heterogeneous with respect to the subsectors— is leading in terms of innovation performance both in the USA and in the EU. A key trait of the ICT sector is that f
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