Coastal Governance
Coastal Governance provides a clear overview of how U.S. coasts are currently managed and explores new approaches that could make our shores healthier. Drawing on recent national assessments, Professor Richard Burroughs explains why traditional management
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Foundations of Contemporary Environmental Studies James Gustave Speth, editor Global Environmental Governance James Gustave Speth and Peter M. Haas Ecology and Ecosystem Conservation Oswald J. Schmitz Markets and the Environment Nathaniel O. Keohane and Sheila M. Olmstead Water Resources Shimon Anisfeld
COASTAL GOVERNANCE Richard Burroughs
Washington | Covelo | London
Copyright © 2011 Richard Burroughs All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 1718 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009. ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of the Center for Resource Economics. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Burroughs, Richard, Coastal governance / by Richard Burroughs. p. cm. — (Foundations of contemporary environmental studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-484-6 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59726-484-9 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-485-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59726-485-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Coastal zone management—Environmental aspects—United States. I. Title. HT392.B88 2010 333.91'70973—dc22 2010017001 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keywords: ecosystem-based management, sector-based management, spatial management, dredging, sewage, wetlands, fisheries, watersheds, Coastal Zone Management Act, coastal policy development
To Nancy Thank you
Contents
Preface xiii Chapter 1. Coastal Challenges 1 State of the coasts 2 Drivers for environmental change 2 The ocean commissions 7 Management goals and processes 9 Organization of the book 11 Chapter 2. Policy Process 13 Problems 15 Solutions 16 Selection 18 Implementation 24 Evaluation 25 Summary 28 Chapter 3. Wastewater 30 Sewage and disease: A problem 30 Sewage treatment: A solution 31 Making treatment a requirement: Selection and implementation 37 Did sewage treatment work? Evaluation 39 Unfinished business 40 Sector-based management 41 Summary 42 Chapter 4. Oil 43 Oil resources: Origins and importance 43 Oil drilling technology 45 Environmental and social impacts of offshore oil 50
x conte nts Law 56 The seaweed rebellion 61 Summary 64 Chapter 5. Dredging 66 The growth of shipping 66 Dredging processes 68 Environmental impacts 70 Law of dredging and disposal 71 Regulating the disposal of contaminated sediments 78 Gridlock 79 Enduring change? 82 Summary 84 Chapter 6. Wetlands 87 The nature of coastal wetlands 87 The value of coastal wetlands 89 Uses and consequences 92 “No net loss”—a goal 95 One wetland resource—multiple agencies 96 Management practices 98 The coastal wetland program assessed 100 Summary 102 Chapter 7. Managing Coastal and Ocean Spaces 104 Uses of coastal lands and waters 105 Conflicts 107 The Coastal Zone Management Act 108 Other
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