Cognitive Enhancement of Sport Technique Learning by Sleep: A Systematic Review
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REVIEW
Cognitive Enhancement of Sport Technique Learning by Sleep: A Systematic Review Antonio Cicchella1 Received: 17 June 2020 / Revised: 30 July 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose The importance of sleep in enhancing the consolidation of memory for movements has been demonstrated. A possible application of sleep manipulation to sport techniques learning is also potentially helpful for training. Method Eligibility criteria encompass the group of studies (cross-sectionals and interventions) on humans correlating sleep with physical performance. A search on the topic was performed in Medline. Results After a review of sleep organization and memory systems, an overview of literature specific to learning and sport performance is presented. Building on existing literature, it was found that, in the short period after awakening from a night deprived of sleep, a strong activation of CNS happens possibly due to increased catecholamines secretions. This is thought to benefit performance in sports of short duration where the nervous component is predominant, such as jumping and sprinting. On the contrary, complex cognitive tasks performed in sports such as tennis are instead impaired by sleep deprivation. The same applies for maximal performance in endurance running and weightlifting. Placement of a cognitive challenging training before sleep can therefore benefit the acceleration of the learning process of a novel motor task. Conclusion Cognitive and emotionally challenging tasks promote an increase of deep sleep, due to the stress put on the brain during learning. In conclusion, practice and/or rehearsal of complex techniques before sleep appears to accelerate the learning process, increasing accuracy and decreasing error rate. However, few studies exist on specific sport techniques, and further research is needed. Keywords Sleep · Sport technique · Fatigue · Motor performance · Motor learning
1 Introduction Sleep is a major factor influencing several biological pathways and behaviours. Effects of sleep on performance has been studied for a long time. Existing scientific literature concerning the relationship between sleep and exercise/sport performance refers mainly to chronobiology [1], physical overload [1, 2] and the general effects of sleep deprivation on performance [3]. Relationships between sleep, exercise and immune response were also considered, founding a positive correlation between immune system activity and sleep quality. The topic of sleep as a possible influencer of motor learning emerged relatively recently, even if the interest for the role of sleep and sleep organization in various
neuromotor skills learning and performance has increased in the last decades [4–7]. The main reason for this renewed interest is the Aserinski and Kleitman discovery of REM (Rapid Eyes Movement) sleep in 1953 [8] and the subsequent search for the role of sleep phases in cognitive processes during night. The aim of this short review is to investigate the state of the actual knowl
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