Combinatorial metallurgical synthesis and processing of high-entropy alloys
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Combinatorial metallurgical synthesis and processing of high-entropy alloys Zhiming Lia) Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
Alfred Ludwig and Alan Savan Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
Hauke Springer and Dierk Raabeb) Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany (Received 31 March 2018; accepted 12 June 2018)
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) with multiple principal elements open up a practically infinite space for designing novel materials. Probing this huge material universe requires the use of combinatorial and high-throughput synthesis and processing methods. Here, we present and discuss four different combinatorial experimental methods that have been used to accelerate the development of novel HEAs, namely, rapid alloy prototyping, diffusion-multiples, laser additive manufacturing, and combinatorial co-deposition of thin-film materials libraries. While the first three approaches are bulk methods which allow for downstream processing and microstructure adaptation, the latter technique is a thin-film method capable of efficiently synthesizing wider ranges of composition and using high-throughput measurement techniques to characterize their structure and properties. Additional coupling of these high-throughput experimental methodologies with theoretical guidance regarding specific target features such as phase (meta)stability allows for effective screening of novel HEAs with beneficial property profiles.
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION FOR COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS OF HIGH-ENTROPY ALLOYS
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are multicomponent metallic materials consisting of four or more elements in high or even equimolar fractions.1–10 This design principle originally aimed at the stabilization of single phase massive solid solutions through high configurational entropy.1 Also, it shifts the search space for new alloys from the corners toward the centers of phase diagrams. Beyond the original concept of single phase solid solutions, several variants of this new design approach have been suggested including nonequiatomic, multiphase, interstitial, duplex, precipitate containing, and metastable HEAs.4,11–16 As shown in Fig. 1, several typical HEA systems have been developed, including face-centered cubic (FCC) structure-based strong and ductile HEAs, body-centered cubic (BCC) structure-based refractory HEAs, hexagonal-close packed (HCP) structure-based HEAs, light-weight HEAs, and precious-metal functional HEAs. The number of HEA compositions explored is Address all correspondence to these authors. a) e-mail: [email protected] b) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.214 J. Mater. Res., 2018
increasing rapidly due to the growing research efforts in this field, driven by promising properties which have been observed for some of these materials such as for instance good cryogenic toughness and high strain hardening.3–6,17 Th
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