Combined nanoTiO 2 and nitrogen effects on phytoplankton: a mesocosm approach
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Combined nanoTiO2 and nitrogen effects on phytoplankton: a mesocosm approach Suleiman Dauda 1 & Ayene Martha Gabriel 1 & Onozasi Firdaws Idris 1 & Mathias Ahii Chia 1 Received: 29 December 2019 / Revised and accepted: 16 June 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The aquatic ecosystem is the ultimate sink for consumer and industrial waste discharge that contains nanometals such as titanium dioxide nanoparticle (n-TiO2). In this environment, nutrient availability and nanometals influence phytoplankton community structure and function. In a mesocosm experiment, we evaluated the interactive effect of n-TiO2 (48 mg L−1) and two nitrogen (N) levels (limited, LN; and replete, HN) on the phytoplankton community structure (biomass, species diversity and richness, algal species divisions), biochemical composition (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids), and antioxidant response (peroxidase activity, POD). n-TiO2 decreased total phytoplankton biomass, and its combination with HN led to the highest decrease. Species diversity was not affected by N level, n-TiO2, and their interaction, while species richness decreased in combined n-TiO2 and HN treatment. All these recorded effects of n-TiO2 on the phytoplankton community structure were enhanced by increasing temperature over time. LN initially reduced phytoplankton carbohydrate content but increased by the presence of n-TiO2 and its interaction with N levels. Total protein and lipid content were not affected by n-TiO2 or its interaction with N levels. POD activity was increased by the interaction between n-TiO2 and the N levels tested. Our results indicate that the influence of n-TiO2 on the phytoplankton community was dependent on the concentration of N. Also, phytoplankton carbohydrate content and community structure varied with increasing water temperature. A few species thrived concerning biomass during exposure to the LN + n-TiO2 (Scenedesmus quadricauda, Coelastrum reticulum, and Microcystis sp.) and HN + n-TiO2 (Microcystis sp.) treatments. Members of the Chlorophyta were generally susceptible to the presence of n-TiO2 regardless of the N level. Thus, the presence of n-TiO2 in aquatic ecosystems can alter phytoplankton community structure and dynamics. Keywords Titanium dioxide nanoparticle . Nitrogen level . Mesocosm . Phytoplankton . Algal biomolecules . Temperature
Introduction Metal nanoparticles have different physicochemical properties from their bulk metal forms. They have a relatively large surface-area-to-volume ratio that gives them higher reactivity (Elsaesser and Howard 2012; Hou et al. 2019). Their physical and chemical properties are different from those of their bulk form due to their small particle size, which ranges from 1 to 100 nm (Sharma 2009). These changes in properties bring with them advantages for an array of industrial applications (Horikoshi and Serpone 2013), leading to increased Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02187-0) contains supplementary material, which is avail
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