Comparative adsorption behavior between phenol and p -nitrophenol by Na- and HDTMA-clinoptilolite-rich tuff
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Comparative adsorption behavior between phenol and p-nitrophenol by Na- and HDTMA-clinoptilolite-rich tuff M. Abatal • M. T. Olguin
Received: 28 October 2011 / Accepted: 26 October 2012 / Published online: 20 November 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
Abstract A comparison of phenol (Phen) and p-nitrophenol (p-NPhen) sorption between sodium (ZCh-Na) and surfactant-modified (ZCh-HDTMA) clinoptilolite-rich tuffs is presented using kinetic and the isotherm parameters to describe the selectivity of the sorption processes. The clinoptilolite-rich tuff (ZCh) used in this work was obtained from a new deposit located in the state of Chihuahua (Me´xico). The effective and external cation exchange capacities (EfCEC and ECEC) of the ZCh were evaluated previous surface modification with HDTMA. The clinoptilolite-rich tuff was characterized by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. A batch system was used to evaluate the kinetics and the isotherms of Phen and p-NPhen sorption. The results show that EfCEC and ECEC were 112 and 17 meq/100 g, respectively. The clinoptilolite is the major mineral phase although mordenite and quartz are minor components. The pseudo-second order kinetic model better fitted the adsorption data and Langmuir model best describes the isotherms for both Phen and p-NPhen using ZCh-HDTMA. p-NPhen is adsorbed by both ZCh-HDTMA and ZCh-Na; however, ZCh-HDTMA exhibits superior performance which reflex a major selectivity. Therefore, the surfactant-modified clinoptilolite-rich tuff could be used for p-NPhen wastewater treatment.
M. Abatal (&) Fac. Ing. Universidad Auto´noma del Carmen, C.P. 24180, Cd. del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] M. T. Olguin Dep. Quı´mica, ININ, A.P. 18-1027, Col. Escando´n, Delegacio´n Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11801, Me´xico, D.F., Mexico
Keywords Phenol p-Nitrophenol Clinoptilolite-rich tuff Surfactant-modified-clinoptilolite-rich-tuff Adsorption
Introduction Phenolic compounds are widely used as raw materials in the petrochemical, coal conversion, pesticide, pharmaceutical, plastics, petroleum, and steel industries (Chern and Chien 2002; Potgieter et al. 2009). Based on regulations by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the concentration of phenol and its derivatives in wastewater should be less than 1 mg L-1 (Min et al. 2007). Phenols are classified as high-priority pollutants due to their carcinogenic effects on humans, and they have been found to be harmful to wildlife (Takahashi et al. 1994). Wastewaters containing phenolic compounds must be treated before being discharged into receiving water bodies. Secondary biological treatment processes are used to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters (Chern and Chien 2002), but these techniques cannot successfully treat wastewaters with high concentrations of phenol. Therefore, new processing technologies must be developed. Several methods have been used for the removal of phenol and its derivatives from wastewater, including biological degradation (Munaf
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