Comparisons of Net Heat Flux Data Sets Over the Western North Pacific
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Article pISSN 1738-5261 eISSN 2005-7172
Comparisons of Net Heat Flux Data Sets Over the Western North Pacific Gyundo Pak1*, Jae-Hyoung Park1, Seok-Joon Lee1,2, Young-Gyu Park1, and You-Soon Chang2 1
Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Korea Department of Earth Science Education, College of Education, Kongju National University, Kongju 32588, Korea
2
Received 13 May 2020; Revised 13 July 2020; Accepted 4 August 2020 © KSO, KIOST and Springer 2020
Abstract − This study focuses on the intercomparisons of 22 net heat flux (NHF) data sets in terms of mean, linear trend, and interannual variability during 1993–2007 over the western North Pacific and its surrounding waters. The data sets can be categorized into the dominant group that shares common interannual variabilities and the outcasts that exhibit exceptional variability. Based on our analysis, we provide guidelines for users to choose reliable NHF data sets in the study regions. In addition, many NHF data sets tend to represent similar interannual variabilities in the marginal sea regions, whereas the opposite is true in open oceans where interannual variability is weak. Also, we find an evidence showing the mean biases of the NHF are mainly due to the difference in calculation of the latent heat flux. The aforementioned information will be useful for a wide community of scientists who are interested in using heat flux data. Keywords − ensemble spread, interannual variability, intercomparison, net heat flux, western North Pacific
1. Introduction The upper-ocean heat storage rate is determined by the balance between the net surface heat flux (NHF) and the effect of ocean dynamics (Vivier et al. 2002; Kelly and Dong 2004); thus, the NHF is an important variable for closing the heat budget equation. The mid-latitude western North Pacific, including its marginal seas, is characterized by vigorous air– sea interactions and has a strong NHF interannual variability (Pak et al. 2017). This entails that the NHF can provide useful information for understanding the long-term variability of air–sea interactions. Usually, the NHF is estimated via a bulk formula using meteorological variables and sea surface temperature (SST), as *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
suggested by several authors (Fairall et al. 1996; Large and Yeager 2004) because direct measurements of the heat flux components are very limited (Brunke et al. 2011; Cronin et al. 2019). Nonetheless, the NHF estimated by the bulk formula may have error components caused by bulk algorithm and input variables (Brunke et al. 2011). Hirose et al. (1999) and Na et al. (1999) suggested the spatial distributions of climatological heat flux components, including the NHF around Korea, based on their own bulk formula. However, their NHF estimates are quite dissimilar, especially in the Yellow Sea, which is an important region for winter precipitation in Korea (Jeong et al. 2014). A recent st
