Completing Our Streets The Transition to Safe and Inclusive Transpor
Across the country, communities are embracing a new and safer way to build streets for everyone—even as they struggle to change decades of rules, practice, and politics that prioritize cars. They have discovered that changing the design of a single street
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The Transition to Safe and Inclusive Transportation Networks
BARBARA McCANN
Completing Our Streets
COMPLETING OUR STREETS The Transition to Safe and Inclusive Transportation Networks
Barbara McCann
Washington | Covelo | London
Copyright © 2013 Barbara McCann All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 2000 M Street NW, Suite 650, Washington, DC, 20036 Island Press is a trademark of Island Press/The Center for Resource Economics. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McCann, Barbara. Completing our streets : the transition to safe and inclusive transportation networks / by Barbara McCann. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-61091-430-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-61091-430-9 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-61091-431-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-61091-431-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Urban transportation policy--United States--Citizen participation. 2. Streets--United States--Planning. 3. Traffic safety-United States--Planning. 4. City planning--United States--Citizen participation. I. Title. HE308.M38 2013 388.4’110973--dc23 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keywords: AASHTO green book, accessibility, active living, automobile Level of Service, green streets, ISTEA, MAP-21, Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), National Complete Streets Coalition, pedestrian safety, performance measures, Safe Routes to School (SRTS), transportation demand management (TDM), transportation equity, transportation finance, transportation maintenance and operations, transportation planning, transportation reform, transportation safety, walkability
To the memory of Susie Stephens, who planted a seed
Contents
Preface
xi
Acknowledgments
xv
Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Why We Build Incomplete Streets
9
Chapter 2. How the Complete Streets Movement Succeeds Chapter 3. Closing the Gap between Policy and Practice Chapter 4. Process over Projects: Changing How Decisions Are Made Chapter 5. Looking for Every Opportunity Chapter 6. Practitioners as Champions
53
87
103
Chapter 7. Answering a Loaded Question: How Much Do Complete Streets Cost? Chapter 8. The Balancing Act: Setting Priorities for Different Users 149 Chapter 9. Expanding Complete Streets Appendix A: Case Study Finder
172
Appendix B: Complete Streets Resources 174 Endnotes 177 Selected Bibliography 185 Index 193
ix
167
129
37
21
Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia. Note the trail leading to the bus stop in the background. (Photo by Steve Davis.)
Preface
O
ne day in the early 1990s, I was riding my bicycle in Atlanta along wide, fast-moving Ponce de Leon Avenue. I was passing by Ponce de Leon Plaza, Atlanta’s very first strip shopping center, sharing one of the six lanes with cars speeding by, inches away. I began to imagine a city with bike lanes everywhere. It turn
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