Compromising the Ideals of Science

This books examines the conditions under which scientists compromised the ideals of science, and elucidates these with reference to the challenges of profit motives and national security concerns. The book also offers suggestions for changing the politica

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DOI: 10.1057/9781137519429.0001

Other Palgrave Pivot titles by Raphael Sassower DIGITAL EXPOSURE Postmodern Postcapitalism THE PRICE OF PUBLIC INTELLECTUALS

DOI: 10.1057/9781137519429.0001

Compromising the Ideals of Science Raphael Sassower University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, USA

DOI: 10.1057/9781137519429.0001

© Raphael Sassower 2015

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-51941-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978-1-137-51942-9 PDF ISBN: 978-1-349-50654-5 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. www.palgrave.com/pivot doi: 10.1057/9781137519429

Dedicated to the memory of Gary Orgel

DOI: 10.1057/9781137519429.0001

Contents Preface

viii

Acknowledgments

xiv

1

1 3 6 12 18

2

Big Science: Government Control of Science 22 Big Science in the service of the state 24 The effects of market capitalism 33 National guidelines for scientific integrity 40

3

Big Money: Setting Research Agendas The political economy of science Science at the university Case studies of industrial–scientific corruption

4

vi

Fallen Angels: On the Compromises of Scientists The gentlemen of science 20th-century ideals of science: from Weber to Merton Contemporary views of the ideals of science: from Kuhn to Ziman Babbage’s lament and warning

Big Pharma: Pharmaceutical Dominance of Science Routine scandals Pernicious tampering with nature Technoscience revisited

46 47 50 57 69 70 74 82

DOI: 10.1057/9781137519429.0001

Contents

5

Situating Technoscience Democratizing technoscience Postmodern inspiration

References Index

DOI: 10.1057/9781137519429.0001

vii

86 88 94 99 106

Preface Scientists used to be considered angelic b