Condition Monitoring and Assessment of Power Transformers Using Computational Intelligence
In recent years, rapid changes and improvements have been witnessed in the field of transformer condition monitoring and assessment, especially with the advances in computational intelligence techniques. Condition Monitoring and Assessment of Power Transf
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W. H. Tang Q. H. Wu
Condition Monitoring and Assessment of Power Transformers Using Computational Intelligence
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Dr. W. H. Tang Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics The University of Liverpool Brownlow Hill Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK e-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Q. H. Wu Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics The University of Liverpool Brownlow Hill Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK e-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 1612-1287
e-ISSN 1860-4676
ISBN 978-0-85729-051-9
e-ISBN 978-0-85729-052-6
DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-052-6 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2010938116 Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Cover design: eStudio Calamar, S.L./Figueres. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To our Families
Preface
Power transformers are among the most expensive and critical units in a power system. The normal life expectance of a power transformer is around 40 years, and in many power systems the percentage of transformers operated more than 30 years is increasing due to the investment boom after the 1970s. As a result, the failure rate of transformers is expected to rise sharply in the coming years. Transformer failures are sometimes catastrophic and almost always include irreversible internal damage. Therefore, all key power transformers equipped in a power system should be monitored closely and continuously in order to ensure their maximum uptime. Generally, there are four main aspects of transformer condition monitoring and assessment, including thermal dynamics, dissolved gas, partial discharge and winding deformation, which should be monitored closely in order to determine power transformer conditions. In recent years, rapid changes and developments have been witnessed in the field of transformer condition monitoring and as
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