Conducting polymer-based hybrid assemblies for electrochemical sensing: a materials science perspective
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REVIEW
Conducting polymer-based hybrid assemblies for electrochemical sensing: a materials science perspective Csaba Janáky & Csaba Visy
Received: 8 November 2012 / Accepted: 2 January 2013 / Published online: 23 January 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract In this topical review, progress achieved in amperometric sensing of different analytes over conducting polymer-based hybrid electrocatalysts is summarized. We report a variety of synthetic methods and the resulting hybrid assemblies, with the effectiveness of such strategies, for designing conjugated polymer-based hybrids as robust sensors for amperometric detection. Beyond incorporation of metal nanoparticles, metal-oxide and non-oxide semiconductors, carbon-based nanomaterials (nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide), and special dopant ions are also discussed. Moreover, some particularly interesting miscellaneous approaches, for example photo-amperometric sensing or use of overoxidized polymers, are also emphasized. Determination of dissolved gases (for example O2, NO, and NO2), ions (sulfite, nitrite, nitrate, chlorate, bromate, and iodate) and smaller and larger molecules (for example H2O2, ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), urea (UA), amino acids, hydrazine, NADH, serotonin, and epinephrine) is discussed. These achievements are reviewed from the materials perspective, addressing both synthetic and electrocatalytic aspects of the polymer-based modified electrodes. Beyond simple or more sophisticated mixing, a wide range of methods of preparation is presented, including chemical (one-pot polymerization, impregnation), electrochemical (co-deposition, doping type inclusion, etc.) and combined strategies. Classification of such synthetic routes Published in the topical collection Amperometric Sensing with guest editors Renato Seeber, Fabio Terzi, and Chiara Zanardi. C. Janáky : C. Visy (*) Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Aradi V. Sq. 1, 6720 Szeged, Hungary e-mail: [email protected] C. Janáky Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
is also included. However, it is important to note that we omit studies in which conducting polymers alone were used for determination of different species. Furthermore, because excellent reviews—cited in this work also—are available on immobilization of biomolecules (for example enzymes) for biosensing purposes, this topic, also, is excluded. Keywords Amperometric sensing . Conducting polymer . Modified electrode . Composite . Electrodeposition . Sensor
Introduction, and scope of the review From a historical perspective, application of electrochemical methods for detection, speciation, and determination of the concentration of dissolved species dates back more than a century. The most recognized electroanalytical technique among them—Heyrovsky’s polarography—was even acknowledged by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1959. A demand for extension of the possibility of analysis to electrodes other than dropp
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