Connectivity-Mediated Ecohydrological Feedbacks and Regime Shifts in Drylands
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Connectivity-Mediated Ecohydrological Feedbacks and Regime Shifts in Drylands Angeles G. Mayor,1,2*
Susana Bautista,3 Francisco Rodriguez,4 and Sonia Ke´fi2
1 Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science Group, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2ISEM, CNRS, Universite´ de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France; 3Department of Ecology and IMEM, University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; 4Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
ABSTRACT Identified as essential mechanisms promoting alternative stable states, positive feedbacks have been the focus of most former studies on the potential for catastrophic shifts in drylands. Conversely, little is known about how negative feedbacks could counterbalance the effects of positive feedbacks. A decrease in vegetation cover increases the connectivity of bare-soil areas and entails a global loss of runoff-driven resources from the ecosystem but also a local increase in runoff transferred from bare-soil areas to vegetation patches. In turn, these global resource losses and local resource gains decrease and increase vegetation cover, respectively, resulting in a global positive and a local negative feedback loop. We propose that the interplay of these two interconnected ecohydrological feedbacks of opposite sign determines the vulnerability of dryland ecosystems to catastrophic shifts. To test this hypothesis, we developed a spatially explicit model and assessed the effects of varying combinations of feedback strengths
on the dynamics, resilience, recovery potential, and spatial structure of the system. Increasing strengths of the local negative feedback relative to the global positive feedback decreased the risk of catastrophic shifts, facilitated recovery from a degraded state, and promoted the formation of banded vegetation patterns. Both feedbacks were most relevant at low vegetation cover due to the nonlinear increase in hydrological connectivity with decreasing vegetation. Our modelling results suggest that catastrophic shifts to degraded states are less likely in drylands with strong source–sink dynamics and/or strong response of vegetation growth to resource redistribution and that feedback manipulation can be useful to enhance dryland restoration. Key words: alternative stable states; catastrophic shifts; dryland restoration; negative feedbacks; positive feedbacks; spatially explicit model; vegetation pattern.
HIGHLIGHTS
Received 12 July 2018; accepted 21 January 2019 Authors’ Contribution AGM and SB conceived the idea; AGM performed the research and analysed the data; and all authors contributed to the design of the study, the development of the model, and the writing of the paper. *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected]
Two ecohydrological feedbacks of opposite sign modulate regime shifts in drylands. Sudden regime shifts are unlikely when patchscale negative feedbacks dominate. Increasing the strength of negative eco
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