Constructing 21St Century U.S. Foreign Policy Identity, Ideology, an

This book argues that, in the years since the 9/11 attacks, socially constructed understandings of the identity of the United States and its friends and enemies have played a critical role in determining the course of U.S. foreign policy, in particular th

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C o n s tructing 21 s t C e n t u ry U . S. Fo reig n Po li c y I dent ity, Ideology, an d Amer ica’s Wo rld Role in a New Era

Karl K. Schonberg

CONSTRUCTING 21ST CENTURY U.S. FOREIGN POLICY

Copyright © Karl K. Schonberg, 2009. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-60776-7 All rights reserved. First published in 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States - a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-37450-2 ISBN 978-0-230-62295-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230622951 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schonberg, Karl K., 1968– Constructing 21st century U.S. foreign policy : identity, ideology, and america’s world role in a new era / Karl K. Schonberg. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. United States—Foreign relations—21st century. I. Title. II. Title: Constructing twenty-first century U.S. foreign policy. JZ1480.S36 2009 327.73—dc22

2008046844

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Macmillan Publishing Solutions First edition: July 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To Kathleen, Ellie, Harry, and Josie

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Co ntents

Preface

ix

Introduction:

International Relations Theory and U.S. Foreign Policy in a New Era

1

Chapter 1

Theory and History

15

Chapter 2

Identity and Ideology in the “War on Terror”

69

Chapter 3

“With Us or Against Us”

113

Chapter 4

Identity and Ideology in the Policy Process

153

Chapter 5

Policy Consequences of Identity and Ideology

199

Conclusion

237

Notes

249

Bibliography

285

Index

303

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Prefac e

I am deeply grateful for the help and support of my family, friends, and colleagues as I worked on this book. Among those who gave me invaluable advice on draft chapters as they were presented as conference papers between 2005 and 2008 were Matthew Baum, Neal Carter, Alex Danchev, Denise Horn, Kenneth McDonagh, Nicholas Onuf, Marc O’Reilly, and James M. Scott. I am deeply indebted to my St. Lawrence University faculty colleagues Margaret Bass, Brian Chezum, Bob Cowser, Traci Fordham-Hernandez, Mike Jenkins, Joe Kling, Val Lehr, Erin McCarthy, and Liz Regosin for their constructive criticism and moral support at every stage of the writing process. Danielle Egan offered me her insight into the work of Michel Foucualt, Alan Draper gave me advice on the publication process, and Michael Greenwald provided me with the benefit of his Talmudic scholarshi