Contemporary Reforms to Cross-Examination

The review of the literature in Chapter 8 shows that cross-examination is used, and allowed to be used, as a method for producing inaccurate evidence that favours the defence case. The question is whether it is in the public interest for jurors to make de

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Closing the Justice Gap for Adult and Child Sexual Assault Rethinking the Adversarial Trial

Closing the Justice Gap for Adult and Child Sexual Assault

Anne Cossins

Closing the Justice Gap for Adult and Child Sexual Assault Rethinking the Adversarial Trial

Anne Cossins Honorary Professor and former Professor of Law and Criminology Faculty of Law University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia

ISBN 978-1-137-32050-6 ISBN 978-1-137-32051-3 https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-32051-3

(eBook)

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: r.classen/Shutterstock This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Limited The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom

Contents

1

Introduction

2

The Nature and Effects of Adversarialism: Jury Decision-Making in Sexual Assault Trials

3 4 5 6 7

1 95

Factors That Predict Outcomes in Sexual Assault Trials

121

‘Commonsense’ or ‘Life Experience’: Jurors’ Perceptions of Guilt

153

‘No Means Yes and Yes Means Anal’: The Cultural Climate in Which Sex Offences Are Prosecuted

171

The Nature and Effects of Adversarialism: Sites of Activation for Heuristic Reasoning Processes

245

Modernisation of the Substantive Law of Consent

277

v

vi

8 9

Contents

Cross-Examination in Sexual Assault Trials: Evidentiary Safeguard or an Opportunity to Confuse?

339

Contemporary Reforms to Cross-Examination

425

10 The Problems Facing Reformers of the Sexual Assault Trial 11

12

479

Achieving Best Evidence for Vulnerable Witnesses: The Use of Trauma-Informed Theory to Reform the Se