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Caching  Olap Results, Distributed Caching

CAD and GIS Platforms  Computer Environments for GIS and CAD

Cadaster  Cadastre

The above definition of cadastre accommodates to the various practices within continental Europe, the British Commonwealth, and elsewhere. Scientific scrutiny emerged from the 1970s, where the notions of a land information system or property register provided a frame for comparison of cadastres across countries. However, GIS and sciences emerged as the main approach of research in the more technical aspects of the cadastre. In fact, the above definitional exercise largely disregards the organizational, legal, and other social science aspects of the cadastre. These are more adequately addressed when the cadastre is conceived of as a sociotechnical system, comprising technical, intentional, and social elements.

Cadastre E RIK S TUBKJÆR Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Synonyms Cadaster; Land administration system; Land information system; Land registry; Property register; Land policy; Spatial reference frames Definition A cadastre may be defined as an official geographic information system (GIS) which identifies geographical objects within a country, or more precisely, within a jurisdiction. Just like a land registry, it records attributes concerning pieces of land, but while the recordings of a land registry is based on deeds of conveyance and other rights in land, the cadastre is based on measurements and other renderings of the location, size, and value of units of property. The cadastre and the land registry in some countries, e. g., the Netherlands and New Zealand, are managed within the same governmental organization. From the 1990s, the term “land administration system” came into use, referring to a vision of a complete and consistent national information system, comprising the cadastre and the land registry.

Historical Background The notion of the cadastre has been related to Byzantine ledgers, called katastichon in Greek, literally “line by line”. A Roman law of 111 BC required that land surveyors (agrimensores) should complete maps and registers of certain tracts of Italy. Also, an archive, a tabularium, was established in Rome for the deposit of the documents. Unfortunately, no remains of the tabularium seem to have survived the end of the Roman Empire. The Cadastre reemerged in the fifteenth century in some Italian principalities as a means of recording tax liabilities. This seems part of a more general trend of systematic recording of assets and liabilities, e. g., through doubleentry bookkeeping, and spread to other parts of Europe. In order to compensate for the lack of mapping skills, landed assets and their boundaries were described through a kind of written maps or cartes parlantes. During the sixteenth century, landscape paintings or so called “picture maps” were prepared e. g., for the court in Speyer, Germany, for clarifying argumentation on disputed land. During the same period in the Netherlands, the need for dike protecti