Core-satellite metal-organic framework@upconversion nanoparticle superstructures via electrostatic self-assembly for eff
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Core–satellite metal–organic framework@upconversion nanoparticle superstructures via electrostatic self-assembly for efficient photodynamic theranostics Zhike Li1, Xi Qiao1, Guihua He1, Xin Sun1, Danhua Feng1, Liefeng Hu1, Hua Xu2, Hai-Bing Xu3, Shengqian Ma4 (), and Jian Tian1 () 1
Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China 3 Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China 4 Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA © Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Received: 15 April 2020 / Revised: 28 July 2020 / Accepted: 1 August 2020
ABSTRACT The nanoplatforms based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have shown great promise in amplified photodynamic therapy (PDT) triggered by near-infrared (NIR) light. However, their practical in vivo applications are hindered by the overheating effect of 980 nm excitation and low utilization of upconversion luminescence (UCL) by photosensitizers. To solve these defects, core–satellite metal–organic framework@UCNP superstructures, composed of a single metal–organic framework (MOF) NP as the core and Nd3+-sensitized UCNPs as the satellites, are designed and synthesized via a facile electrostatic self-assembly strategy. The superstructures realize a high co-loading capacity of chlorin e6 (Ce6) and rose bengal (RB) benefitted from the highly porous nature of MOF NPs, showing a strong spectral overlap between maximum absorption of photosensitizers and emission of UCNPs. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the dual-photosensitizer superstructures have trimodal (magnetic resonance (MR)/UCL/fluorescence (FL)) imaging functions and excellent antitumor effectiveness of PDT at 808 nm NIR light excitation, avoiding the laser irradiation-induced overheating issue. This study provides new insights for the development of highly efficient PDT nanodrugs toward precision theranostics.
KEYWORDS core–satellite structures, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), nanoscale metal–organic frameworks, photodynamic therapy, theranostics
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Introduction
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment modality with low occurrence of side effects, minimal invasion, and high selectivity [1, 2]. It has been developed as an alternative approach to chemotherapy in the treatment of certain types of cancer [3, 4]. However, traditional PDT utilizing conventional photosensitizers is limited by the shallow tissue penetration of excitation light in ultraviolet to visible
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