Coronal Mass Ejections An Introduction
In times of growing technological sophistication and of our dependence on electronic technology, we are all affected by space weather. In its most extreme form, space weather can disrupt communications, damage and destroy spacecraft and power stations, an
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Astrophysics and Space Science Library VOLUME 376
EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman W. B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands ([email protected]) F. BERTOLA, University of Padua, Italy J. P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A. C. J. CESARSKY, European Southern Observatory, Garching bei M¨unchen, Germany P. EHRENFREUND, Leiden University, The Netherlands O. ENGVOLD, University of Oslo, Norway A. HECK, Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, France E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands V. M. KASPI, McGill University, Montreal, Canada J. M. E. KUIJPERS, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands P. G. MURDIN, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK F. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
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Timothy Howard
Coronal Mass Ejections An Introduction
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Dr. Timothy Howard Space Studies Southwest Research Institute 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300 Boulder, CO 80302, USA [email protected]
Composite image of a coronal mass ejection observed on 28 October 2003 (the so-called Halloween event) combining a solar disk image with a coronagraph image. Image available courtesy of NASA.
ISSN 0067-0057 ISBN 978-1-4419-8788-4 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-8789-1 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8789-1 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011926586 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To my strength and inspiration. My father, Gary Howard.
Preface
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large eruptions of plasma, magnetic field and energy from the Sun. They are the largest individual solar eruptions, releasing more than an order of magnitude of energy than the more popularly known solar flare. Much has been learnt about CMEs over the years regarding their composition, structure, onset and evolution. There is, howev
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