Correction to: Etiology, Diagnosis and Management of Aortitis
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CORRECTION
Correction to: Etiology, Diagnosis and Management of Aortitis Sanjiv Sharma1 • Niraj Nirmal Pandey1 • Mumun Sinha1 • S. H. Chandrashekhara1
Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) 2020
Correction to: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-020-02486-6 In the original article, the section ‘‘Fact Sheet’’ was not published. This section should give the reader an overview on the most important take-home messages on aortitis. Please see below the missing section.
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Fact Sheet 5. Ten most important points of the inflammatory aortic disease: 1. Aortitis refers to the presence of inflammatory changes in the aortic wall. It may be of infectious origin, but is more frequently of non-infectious etiology, including immunological or connective tissue disorders. 2. The two most frequent causes of aortitis include giant-cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TA). These show significant overlap in pathological findings although their epidemiological patterns and clinical presentations are distinct.
The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00270-020-02486-6. & Sanjiv Sharma [email protected] 1
Department of Cardiovascular Radiology and Endovascular Interventions, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Temporal artery biopsy, considered the gold standard for diagnosis of GCA, may be false negative in onethird cases as GCA involving the aorta typically does not involve the temporal arteries, resulting in falsenegative tissue diagnosis. The clinical course of TA is predominantly divided into two distinct phases: an early acute stage characterized by constitutional symptoms and the late chronic stage characterized by clinical symptoms secondary to stenosis, occlusion or dilatation with less prominent constitutional symptoms. While erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are usually markedly elevated in patients with GCA, they are unreliable in predicting disease activity in TA patients as factors other than active disease can also cause an elevation of these markers. Elevated ESR values are seen in only 72% of patients during active disease, while ESR values are normal in only 56% of patients with disease remission. Normal aorta is resistant to infection; however, an abnormal aortic wall, such as that associated with atherosclerosis, aneurysm, post-device placement or post-surgery, makes it more susceptible to infection. The infection may be secondary to spread from adjacent sites of infection, by hematogenous route or iatrogenic secondary to an intravascular procedure. Anti-inflammatory therapy with steroids and immunosuppressive drugs is the mainstay of treatment for control of disease activity in non-infectious aortitis. Surveillance for relapse of active disease with periodic comprehensive evaluation of clinical, biochemical and imaging markers of activity is imperative as relapses are common
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