Correlation of Microstructure and Texture in a Two-Phase High-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel During Cold Rolling
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with the Materials Engineering Division, CSIR National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007 India, and with the CSIR Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India, and also with the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016 India. PUSHKAR DHEKNE is with the Materials Engineering Division, CSIR National Metallurgical Laboratory, and also with Bharat Aluminium Co Ltd., Balco nagar, Korba, 495684, Chattisgrah, India. ATEF SAAD HAMADA is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Egypt–Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt. PUSPENDU SAHU is with the Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India. B. MAHATO, R.K. MINZ, and SANDIP GHOSH CHOWDHURY are with the Materials Engineering Division, CSIR National Metallurgical Laboratory. Contact e-mail: [email protected] L. PENTTI KARJALAINEN is with the Centre for Advanced Steels Research, University of Oulu, PO Box 4200, 90014 Oulu, Finland. Manuscript submitted July 11, 2016.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
INTRODUCTION
AUSTENITIC steel grades are quite promising for their excellent formability. Mechanical behavior of austenitic stainless steels is mainly governed by their high work-hardening rate, which in turn is related to the metastability and the stacking fault energy (SFE) of the austenite phase. SFE is dependent on the alloy composition and the deformation temperature. Its magnitude controls the ease of cross-slip and thus, different deformation mechanisms can be activated at different stages of deformation. In low SFE materials, the deformation mechanisms can change from slip of perfect dislocations to slip of partials, mechanical twinning, and eventually to transformation into hcp e-martensite and/ or bcc/bct a¢-martensite. Austenitic stainless steels and high-Mn Hadfield steels, having low-to-moderate SFE, form stacking faults, deformation twins, planar dislocation structures, and martensite during straining.[1,2] However, the critical value of SFE enabling the material to deform by forming e-martensite or mechanical twins cannot be
easily defined. Twinning is known to increase the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and uniform elongation through the twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect,[3,4] and this property has been utilized in TWIP steels. Oh et al.[5] reported that twinning occurs at a SFE of greater than 18 mJ m2, whereas the formation of e-martensite happens at lower SFE values. The mechanical behavior, and in particular, the strain hardening of these TWIP steels sensitively depend on SFE, affecting the mode of deformation.[5–8] SFE is also known to have a strong influence on the development of crystallographic texture during mechanical working, such as cold rolling. Low SFE materials deform by twinning during cold rolling and form the brass or alloy-type texture. The texture can be characterized by increasing intensity from Copper component {112}[111] to Brass {011}[
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