Correlation of Thermally Induced Pores with Microstructural Features Using High Energy X-rays
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A variety of methods have been developing over the past 10 years that use the penetration power of high energy X-rays to address internal microstructural issues in polycrystalline materials.[1–6] The nondestructive nature of X-rays in hard materials allows the tracking of thermal[7–9] and mechanical[10–16] responses; these techniques can be extended to many additional sample treatments, types, and states. Synchrotron beams can be tuned to convenient energies for a broad range of sample materials[17] and can be used in a variety of focusing configurations. Recent work by a large collaboration involving the present authors and others has moved in the DAVID B. MENASCHE, Postdoctoral Researcher, and ROBERT M. SUTER, Professor, are with the Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., 15213 Pittsburgh PA. Contact e-mail: [email protected] PAUL A. SHADE, Materials Research Engineer, is with the Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 45433 Dayton OH. JONATHAN LIND, Postdoctoral Researcher, is with the Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 94550 Livermore CA. JOEL V. BERNIER, Staff Scientist, Computational Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 94550 Livermore CA. SHIU FAI LI, formerly Staff Scientist with the Computational Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is now External Collaborator with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. PETER KENESEI, Beamline Scientist, is with Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 60439, Argonne IL. JAY C. SCHUREN, formerly Materials Research Engineer with the Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, is now Senior Director of Data Science with Nutonian Inc., 02144 Somerville MA. Manuscript submitted January 13, 2015. Article published online August 29, 2016 5580—VOLUME 47A, NOVEMBER 2016
direction of combining multiple measurement modalities so as to gain a more complete picture of sample states and heterogeneous response[12] as well as developing sophisticated sample environments.[18] Here, we describe integrated micro-computed absorption tomography (lCT) measurements of internal void distributions and nearfield High Energy Diffraction Microscopy (nf-HEDM) mapping of grain shapes and orientations. Following considerable development, powder metallurgy has become one of the most common processing routes for nickel-based superalloys used in turbine engine applications, as the process is a cost-effective means to control both alloy composition and microstructure.[19–22] One downside to this pathway, however, is the tendency to form thermally induced porosity (TIP) which can have significant deleterious impacts on materials performance.[23] Powder processed nickel-based superalloys are particularly prone to TIP, as subsequent heat treatments near the high solvus temperature of the strengthening c0 phase cause expansion of entrapped gas from the atomiz
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