Cosmic Rays and the Development of Particle Physics

This chapter illustrates the path which led to the discovery that particles of extremely high energy, up to a few joule, come from extraterrestrial sources and collide with Earth’s atmosphere. The history of this discovery started in the beginning of the

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Alessandro De Angelis Mário Pimenta

Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics Multimessenger Astronomy and its Particle Physics Foundations Second Edition

Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics

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Series editors Neil Ashby University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA William Brantley Department of Physics, Furman University, Greenville, SC, USA Matthew Deady Physics Program, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, USA Michael Fowler Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Morten Hjorth-Jensen Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Michael Inglis Department of Physical Sciences, SUNY Suffolk County Community College, Selden, NY, USA

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Alessandro De Angelis Mário Pimenta •

Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics Multimessenger Astronomy and its Particle Physics Foundations Second Edition

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Alessandro De Angelis Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science University of Udine Udine Italy

Mário Pimenta Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física de Partículas, IST University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal

and INFN Padova and INAF Padua Italy

ISSN 2192-4791 ISSN 2192-4805 (electronic) Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics ISBN 978-3-319-78180-8 ISBN 978-3-319-78181-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78181-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018938359 1st edition: © Springer-Verlag Italia 2015 2nd edition: © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific