Counseling Self-Efficacy and its Relationship to Anxiety and Problem-Solving in United Arab Emirates
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Counseling Self-Efficacy and its Relationship to Anxiety and Problem-Solving in United Arab Emirates Fatima R. Al-Darmaki1,2
The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among counseling self-efficacy, problem-solving, and state and trait anxiety. A total sample of one hundred thirteen males and females (females = 105; males = 8) enrolled in the psychology department at the UAE University voluntarily participated in this study. The Counseling Self-Estimate Inventory (COSE), Problem-Solving Inventory (PSI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to collect data from participants. Findings revealed significantly moderate correlations between counseling self-efficacy and both problem-solving and State and trait Anxiety. Findings are discussed within the context of UAE culture and directions for future research are provided. KEY WORDS: counseling self-efficacy; anxiety; problem-solving; psychology training in UAE.
INTRODUCTION Perceived Self-efficacy as defined by Bandura (1977, 1982, 1989, 1997) referred to peoples’ judgment concerning their abilities to organize and execute a particular course of action required to produce a desired outcome. Self-efficacy beliefs can be increased or decreased based on four sources of information available to individuals: Performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological and emotional states experienced in a given situation (cf. Bandura, 1977, 1982, 1989, 1997). According to Bandura, the most influential 1 Assistant
Professor of Counseling Psychology at the United Arab Emirates University. should be directed to Dr. Fatima R. Al-Darmaki. Assistant Professor of Counseling Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17771, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates; e-mail: [email protected].
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Al-Darmaki
source of efficacy information is based on performance accomplishments due to the fact that they are based on authentic experiences. In the area of counseling, Larson and her colleagues (Larson, Suzuki, Gillespie, Potenza, Bechtel, & Toulouse, 1992; Larson & Daniels, 1998) have attempted to apply many of Bandura’s hypotheses about the role of self-efficacy in affective functioning to counseling situations. In addition, interventions that seem to increase counselor self-efficacy (CSE) were examined (Larson & Daneils, 1998). Among these interventions, training was found to contribute to an increase in CSE during practicum and prepracticum (e.g., Johnson, Baker, Kopala, Kiselica, & Thompson, 1989; Larson et al., 1992; Melchert, Hays, Wilijnen, & Kolocek, 1996; Sharpley & Ridgway, 1993) for both beginning and advanced counselor trainees. Furthermore, role-play, modeling, and positive feedback regarding counseling performance were shown to increase CSE and to enhance counseling performance (Daniels & Larson, 2001; Larson et al., 1992). Depth and breadth of counseling experience seem to have an impact on the strength
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