Counting for Something Statistical Principles and Personalities
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Ingram Olkin
William S. Peters
Counting for Something Statistical Principles and Personalities
With 46 Illustrations
Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo
William S. Peters Robert o. Anderson Schools of Management University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131 U.S.A.
Editorial Board Stephen Fienberg
Ingram Olkin
Department of Statistics Carnegie-Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 U.S.A
Department of Statistics Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 U.S.A.
AMS Classification: 62-01 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Peters, William Stanley, Counting for something. (Springer texts in statistics) Bibliography: p. Includes index. I. Statistics-History. I. Title. II. Series. QA276.15.P47 1986 519.5'09 86-11866
© 1987 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, U.S.A. Typeset by Asco Trade Typesetting Ltd., Hong Kong.
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ISBN-13:978-1-4612-9094-0 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4612-4638-1 001: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4638-1
Dedicated to the memory of
E. Douglass Burdick
1905-1961 and
J. Parker Bursk
1899-1963
J. Parker Bursk and E. Douglass Burdick introduced me to the subject of statistics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Parker Bursk was Chairman of the Department of Economic and Social Statistics at the Wharton School from its founding in 1932 until his death. The department at Wharton may well have been the first statistics department in a collegiate business school. In addition to his teaching, he served the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, the Wage Administration Agency of the War Department, and the United States Air Force in statistical and administrative roles. Doug Burdick taught statistics at the University of Pennsylvania and the Wharton School from 1930 to 1961. In addition, he directed a number of statistical studies in housing, medicine, and public health. He undertook assignments for the International Cooperation Administration in Egypt, India, and Turkey. Parker Bursk and Doug Burdick were extraordinary teachers in quite distinctive ways. Parker was thorough and incisive, and Doug was more iconoclastic and inspirational. What they had in common was a dedication to learning, to their students, and to human values. In my life, they counted for something.
Contents
List of Tables
xiii
List of Figures
xvii
CHAPTER 1 Statistics-The Word Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics References CHAPTER 2 Distributions The Frequency Distribution Summary Measures Graphs References CHAPTER 3 Special Averages Index Numbers Some History The Harmonic Mean Averaging Time Rates Simpson's Paradox References CHAPTER 4 Making Comparisons Comparing Observations Standard Scores
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viii
Contents
Comparing Variables Median and Quartiles Boxplots Ordinal Dat
