Coupled spatial periodic waves and solitons in the photovoltaic photorefractive crystals
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Coupled spatial periodic waves and solitons in the photovoltaic photorefractive crystals Chao-Qing Dai · Yue-Yue Wang
Received: 6 September 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The evolution of spatial solitons in the photovoltaic photorefractive crystal can be governed by the specific coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Under the photovoltaic field with the external bias field, the coupled cn–sn-type periodic wave solution and the corresponding photorefractive bright–dark soliton pair were constructed to describe the evolution of beam. The influence of the external bias field on solitonic dynamics is analyzed. In the photovoltaic crystal, coupled sn–cn-type, sn–dn-type periodic wave solutions, solution constructed by products of elliptic functions and the corresponding dark–bright soliton pair and coupled double-peaked soliton solutions are found to describe the evolution of a spatial-phase-modulated photovoltaic soliton and a non-phase-modulated beam. Keywords Photovoltaic crystal · External bias field · Photovoltaic spatial soliton · Periodic wave
1 Introduction The appearance of localized wave packets as solitons in the diversified fields of engineering and physics C.-Q. Dai (B)· Y.-Y. Wang College of Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] Y.-Y. Wang e-mail: [email protected]
more and more arouses the interest of researchers [1– 4]. In optical engineering, optical carriers in the form of solitons involve in versatile aspects [5–8], including laser engineering [9,10], photorefractive crystal [11,12], fiber communication [13,14], and so on. Photorefractive spatial solitons are promising for various applications including all-optical switching, optical storage and parallel computing owing to their formation with low optical power (∼ µW) and fast response time (∼ µs). [15,16]. So far, screening solitons [17,18], photovoltaic solitons [16,19,20] and screening-photovoltaic solitons [21,22] were theoretically studied and experimentally observed as three different types of photorefractive spatial solitons. When an electric field is used to a photovoltaic photorefractive crystal, the screening photovoltaic soliton can form because of both photovoltaic effect and spatially nonuniform screening of the applied field. Without the effect of the applied field, the screening photovoltaic soliton degenerates into the photovoltaic one in the closed-circuit condition. If the strength of the bias field is much bigger than that of the photovoltaic field, the screening photovoltaic soliton tends to screening soliton. Nowadays photovoltaic solitons become popular research subjects. Bright photovoltaic solitons appeared in the self-focusing photovoltaic crystals for the positive change of refraction index with the opening circuit [20]. Dark photovoltaic solitons appeared in the self-defocusing photovoltaic crystals for the negative
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change of refraction index with the opening circuit [23
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