COVID-19: A Concern for Cardiovascular Disease Patients
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COVID‑19: A Concern for Cardiovascular Disease Patients Shruti Sharma1 Received: 10 June 2020 / Accepted: 24 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is declared as a pandemic that has spread worldwide, affecting 205 countries. The disease affected 1, 40, 43, 176 individuals and caused 5, 97, 583 deaths around the globe. The organism responsible for the cause of disease is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 enters into the cell via receptors present on the cell surface named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Notwithstanding ACE2 receptors acts as a gateway for infection, and most of the cardiovascular patients are treated with the ACE inhibitors. Thus, the role of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers may play a critical role in the severity or outcome of disease. Also, the effect of ACE inhibitors varies with the polymorphism in ACE2 receptors present in the individuals. Hence, it is the need of the hour to investigate the mechanisms which could better aid in the treatment of COVID-19-infected cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. Keywords COVID-19 · SARS-CoV-2 · ACE2 receptors · CVD · Coronavirus
Introduction Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is a recently emerged disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), a novel coronavirus that leads to adverse pulmonary pathological features [1]. COVID-19 is a global pandemic as in total 205 countries have been affected by the disease around the world. There are 1, 40,43,176 confirmed cases worldwide and 5, 97, 583 deaths, as on July 19th, 2020 [2]. The chaotic situation began in China and the number of cases exceeded in other regions than those in China and is still currently rising. Furthermore, the number of fatalities in many other countries likes the USA, Brazil, and India has now exceeded the total in China. COVID-19 enhances morbidity in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) via interacting with the cardiovascular system on multiple levels, thereby, worsening the diseased conditions and leading to myocardial injury and dysfunction [1]. Due to such a high mortality and morbidity as well as widespread Handling Editor: Matthew Campen. * Shruti Sharma [email protected] 1
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector ‑12, Chandigarh 160012, India
occurrence, SARS-CoV2 should be eradicated from every part of the world. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the major reasons of death globally, contributing to almost a third of total deaths [3]. However, proper attention has not been paid to CVD patients suffering from COVID-19. Various studies focusing on the clinical features of COVID-19 have not classified CVDs, but these CVDs might have links with prognosis of COVID-19. According to a study [4], out of 1099 COVID-19 cases, 173 suffered from comorbidities such as hypertension (23.7%), coronary he
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