Creating Low Carbon Cities
This book addresses key topics in the current deliberations and debates on low carbon cities that are underway globally. Contributions by experts from around the world focus on the key factors required for creating low carbon cities. These include appropr
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eating Low Carbon Cities
Creating Low Carbon Cities
Shobhakar Dhakal • Matthias Ruth Editors
Creating Low Carbon Cities
Editors Shobhakar Dhakal School of Environment, Resources and Development, and Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change Asian Institute of Technology Pathumthani, Thailand
Matthias Ruth School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-49729-7 ISBN 978-3-319-49730-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49730-3
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017930816 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Forewords
Nine years ago half of the people in the world lived in urban areas, and by 2050 the world is likely to be two-thirds urban. Most people live in mid-sized cities while the large urban conurbations are growing and emerging. Cities are visible from space due to their night-time lights, and they resemble the light clusters of stars and galaxies. Like stars on matter, cities exert strong attraction on people in the hinterland where the population decreases as city populations grow. This is one of the strong mega-trends that started with the emergence of agriculture and early civilizations that accelerated during the industrial revolution, leading to more than half of the people in the world living in urban areas. Urbanization and industrialization brought affluence to many, but a third of the global population was left behind. A quarter of the urban population lives in informal cities. Enormous progress, despite great inequities, was only possible be
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