CRISPR: a journey of gene-editing based medicine
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Genes & Genomics https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-020-01002-x
REVIEW
CRISPR: a journey of gene‑editing based medicine Zhabiz Golkar1 Received: 12 March 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat) is one of the hallmark of biological tools, contemplated as a valid and hopeful alternatives to genome editing. Advancements in CRISPR-based technologies have empowered scientists with an editing kit that allows them to employ their knowledge for deleting, replacing and lately “Gene Surgery”, and provides unique control over genes in broad range of species, and presumably in humans. These fast-growing technologies have high strength and flexibility and are becoming an adaptable tool with implementations that are altering organism’s genome and easily used for chromatin manipulation. In addition to the popularity of CRISPR in genome engineering and modern biology, this major tool authorizes breakthrough discoveries and methodological advancements in science. As scientists are developing new types of experiments, some of the applications are raising questions about what CRISPR can enable. The results of evidence-based research strongly suggest that CRISPR is becoming a practical tool for genome-engineering and to create genetically modified eukaryotes, which is needed to establish guidelines on new regulatory concerns for scientific communities. Keywords CRISPR · Gene-editing · Cas · Bacteria · Adaptive immunity · Medicine · DNA · Ethic
Introduction It has been well documented that phages overcome bacterial resistance by reverting their host genomes. Therefore, a large segments of the bacterial DNA is occupied by the transplanted encoding genes from different antiviral defense systems (Brouns et al. 2008; Lintner et al. 2011; Weekes and Yuksel 2004; Wiedenheft and Van-Duijn 2011). Upon infection and completion of phages replication, prophages destroy the host cell and to avoid this lethal threat, bacteria evolve various phage-resistance defense system that obstruct almost each phase of phage life cycles. Most bacteria, alter their existing receptors on cell membrane to restrict natural viral attachment using restriction enzymes to destroy invaded viral DNA once infects the cell. Bacteria have adapted an altruistic suicide strategy to inhibit propagation of viral DNA, within their population. Overall, such antiviral mechanisms frequently provide enhanced protection from the interference of analogous genetic assaults, DNA * Zhabiz Golkar [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Division of Academic Affairs, Voorhees College, Denmark, SC, USA
molecules, plasmids, and other conjugative and integrative components (or elements) (Cong et al. 2013; Almendros et al. 2014; Horvath and Barrangou 2010). A classical model of this coevolution is the E. coli restriction-modification system as it relates to the counter-attack interactions of the bacterial host against T4 bacteriophages (Zhu and Ye 2015; Chylinski et al. 2014; Makarova et al. 2011
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