Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the VISA-A questionnaire for Chilean Spanish-speaking patients
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the VISA-A questionnaire for Chilean Spanish-speaking patients Andres Keller1, Pablo Wagner1,2, Guillermo Izquierdo1, Jorge Cabrolier1, Nathaly Caicedo1, Emilio Wagner1* and Nicola Maffulli3
Abstract Background: The purpose of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the VISA-A questionnaire for Chilean Spanish speakers with Achilles tendinopathy (AT), which has been originally developed for English-speaking population. Methods: According to the guidelines published by Beaton et al., the questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted to Chilean patients in six steps: initial translation, synthesis of the translation, back translation, expert committee review, test of the pre-final version (cohort n = 35), and development of VISA-A-CH. The resulting Chilean version was tested for validity on 60 patients: 20 healthy individuals (group 1), 20 patients with a recently diagnosed AT (group 2), and 20 with a severe AT that already initiated conservative treatment with no clinical improvement (group 3). The questionnaire was completed three times by each participant: at the time of study enrollment, after an hour, and after a week of the initial test. Results: All six steps were successfully completed for the translation and cultural adaptation of the VISA-A-CH. VISA-A-CH final mean scores in the healthy group was significantly higher than those in the other groups. Group 3 had the lowest scores. Validity showed excellent test-retest reliability (rho c = 0.999; Pearson’s r = 1.000) within an hour and within a week (rho c = 0.837; Pearson’s r = 0.840). Conclusions: VISA-A was translated and validated to Chilean Spanish speakers successfully, being comparable to the original version. We believe that VISA-A-CH can be recommended as an important tool for clinical and research settings in Chilean and probably Latin-American Spanish speakers. Keywords: VISA-A, Achilles tendinopathy, Score validation, Spanish validation
Background Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is the most common cause of posterior heel pain [1–3] in athletes and non-athletes [4]. The activities most related to this pathology are those involving jumping and running [4, 5]. The incidence of AT has been increasing in the last decades, with a prevalence of 10% in runners [4, 6]. In terms of its clinical presentation, pain in the middle portion of the Achilles tendon during and after physical activity, increased volume in the involved region of the tendon, * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Department of Orthopedics, Universidad del desarrollo - Clinica Alemana de Santiago, Vitacura 5951, 7650568 Santiago, Chile Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
and morning stiffness are frequent. The above symptoms usually decrease when the patient reduces the load or the level of activity but tend to recur when the activity is resumed [7, 8]. For these reasons, AT is a frequent cause of limitation in the physical activity
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