Crowd Dynamics, Volume 1 Theory, Models, and Safety Problems

This volume explores the complex problems that arise in the modeling and simulation of crowd dynamics in order to present the state-of-the-art of this emerging field and contribute to future research activities. Experts in various areas apply their unique

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Livio Gibelli Nicola Bellomo Editors

Crowd Dynamics, Volume 1 Theory, Models, and Safety Problems

Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology Series editors Nicola Bellomo Department of Mathematical Sciences Politecnico di Torino Torino, Italy

Tayfun E. Tezduyar Mechanical Engineering Rice University Houston, TX, USA

Editorial Advisory Board Kazuo Aoki National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan

Petros Koumoutsakos ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland

Yuri Bazilevs School of Engineering Brown University Providence, RI, USA

Andrea Prosperetti Cullen School of Engineering University of Houston Houston, TX, USA

Mark Chaplain School of Mathematics & Statistics University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, UK

K.R. Rajagopal Department of Mechanical Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA

Pierre Degond Mathematics Imperial College London London, UK

Kenji Takizawa Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering Waseda University Tokyo, Japan

Andreas Deutsch ZIH, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Sachsen, Germany Livio Gibelli Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK Miguel Ángel Herrero Departmento de Matematica Aplicada Complutense University of Madrid Alcalá de Henares Madrid, Spain

Youshan Tao Dept of Applied Math Donghua University Shanghai, China Harald van Brummelen Department of Mechanical Engineering TU Eindhoven Eindhoven, Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands

Thomas J. R. Hughes Institute for Computational Enginee The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4960

Livio Gibelli • Nicola Bellomo Editors

Crowd Dynamics, Volume 1 Theory, Models, and Safety Problems

Editors Livio Gibelli School of Engineering University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK

Nicola Bellomo Department of Mathematical Sciences Politecnico di Torino Torino, Italy

ISSN 2164-3679 ISSN 2164-3725 (electronic) Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology ISBN 978-3-030-05128-0 ISBN 978-3-030-05129-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05129-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018967310 Mathematics Subject Classification (2019): SCM, SCM13090, SCM14068, SCP19090, SCP33000 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe t