Cryogenic Materials and Circuit Integration for Quantum Computers
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08442-x Ó 2020 The Author(s)
INTERNATIONAL ELECTRON DEVICES AND MATERIALS SYMPOSIUM 2019
Cryogenic Materials and Circuit Integration for Quantum Computers WEI-CHEN CHIEN ,1,10 SHUN-JHOU JHAN,2,11 KUEI-LIN CHIU,3,12 YU-XI LIU,4,5,6,13 ERIC KAO,7,14 and CHING-RAY CHANG8,9,15 1.—Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan. 2.—Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan. 3.—Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 4.—Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. 5.—Department of Microelectronics and Nanoelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. 6.—Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China. 7.—KYT International Ltd., Taipei City, Taiwan. 8.—Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan. 9.—Department of Business Administration, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. 10.—e-mail: [email protected]. 11.—e-mail: [email protected]. 12.—e-mail: [email protected]. 13.—e-mail: [email protected]. 14.—e-mail: [email protected]. 15.—e-mail: [email protected]
Over the last decade, quantum computing has experienced significant changes and captured worldwide attention. In particular, superconducting qubits have become the leading candidates for scalable quantum computers, and a number of cryogenic materials have scientifically demonstrated their potential uses in constructing qubit chips. However, because of insufficient coherence time, establishing a robust and scalable quantum platform is still a long-term goal. Another consideration is the control circuits essential to initializing, operating and measuring the qubits. To keep noise low, control circuits in close proximity to the qubits require superior reliability in the cryogenic environment. The realization of the quantum advantage demands qubits with appropriate circuitry designs to maintain long coherence times and entanglement. In this work, we briefly summarize the current status of cryogenic materials for qubits and discuss typical cryogenic circuitry designs and integration techniques for qubit chips. In the end, we provide an assessment of the prospects of quantum computers and some other promising cryogenic materials. Key words: Cryogenic materials, qubits, quchip, quantum processing unit, quantum computer
INTRODUCTION To date, progress in conventional computing has relied heavily on the density of transistors on silicon chips doubling every 18 months, a trend known as Moore’s law after Intel cofounder, Gordon Moore, who predicted the phenomenon in 1960s. But spiraling costs and falling yields associated with further miniaturization have stimulated the search for sophisticated alternative structures and new
(Received June 23, 2020; accepted August 20, 2020; published online September 28, 2020)
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materials. One possibility is to apply new concepts and new physics
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