Cryptic diversity of Plasmopara viticola (Oomycota, Peronosporaceae) in North America
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cryptic diversity of Plasmopara viticola (Oomycota, Peronosporaceae) in North America Stephan Schröder & Sabine Telle & Peter Nick & Marco Thines
Received: 7 July 2010 / Accepted: 9 November 2010 / Published online: 24 November 2010 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2010
Abstract Plasmopara viticola is the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew and is among the most important diseases in viticulture. It originates from North America, where it coevolved with wild Vitis species. Beginning in the 1870s it turned into a global epidemic that has been causing severe yield losses. It is generally believed that a single species is causing downy mildew on a large variety of economically important cultivars. Here we report, based on one nuclear and two mitochondrial markers, that isolates from vineyards in the United States fall into three highly distinct phylogenetic lineages. One of these contains European strains and affects Vitis vinifera cultivars, while the other two lineages affect also other species of Vitis. The divergence between these lineages is high, and, judging from the genetic variation in other Plasmopara lineages, might reflect distinct species. Due to the potentially significant implications for quarantine regulations and resistance breeding, detailed studies will be necessary to clarify whether these genetically distinct lineages occur outside of North America or are still confined there. Stephan Schröder and Sabine Telle have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically S. Schröder : P. Nick Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Botany, Kaiserstr. 12, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany S. Telle : M. Thines (*) Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany e-mail: [email protected] M. Thines Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
Keywords Cryptic species . Grape downy mildew . Herbarium specimens . cox2 . nrLSU . ypt1
Introduction Plasmopara viticola is one of the most important pathogens of grapevine. It originates from North America, where it infects wild and cultivated Vitis hosts. A comparative study (Jürges et al. 2009) has revealed that these North American host species are endowed with a high degree of resistance, whereas cultivated grapevine are colonised extensively. Plasmopara viticola was introduced into France in 1878 with contaminated rootstocks of wild American Vitis species used for Phylloxera control, and rapidly spread to other parts of Europe, e.g. to Germany by 1880 (Müller and Sleumer 1934). From Europe it subsequently invaded vineyards all over the world, and has become one of the most important pathogens of grape. Although some specialised forms of the species have been described as parasites of Vitaceae (Golovina 1955; Săvulescu 1941; Săvulescu and Săvulescu 1952), it was generally assumed that P. viticola is the sole Plasmopara species occurring on
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