Crystallography and the World of Symmetry

Symmetry exists in realms from crystals to patterns, in external shapes of living or non-living objects, as well as in the fundamental particles and the physical laws that govern them. In fact, the search for this symmetry is the driving force for the dis

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materials science

113

Springer Series in

materials science Editors: R. Hull

R. M. Osgood, Jr.

J. Parisi

H. Warlimont

The Springer Series in Materials Science covers the complete spectrum of materials physics, including fundamental principles, physical properties, materials theory and design. Recognizing the increasing importance of materials science in future device technologies,the book titles in this series reflect the state-of-the-art in understanding and controlling the structure and properties of all important classes of materials. 99 Self-Organized Morphology in Nanostructured Materials Editors: K. Al-Shamery, S.C. Müller, and J. Parisi 100 Self Healing Materials An Alternative Approach to 20 Centuries of Materials Science Editor: S. van der Zwaag 101 New Organic Nanostructures for Next Generation Devices Editors: K. Al-Shamery, H.-G. Rubahn, and H. Sitter

106 Into The Nano Era Moore’s Law Beyond Planar Silicon CMOS Editor: H.R. Huff 107 Organic Semiconductors in Sensor Applications Editors: D.A. Bernards, R.M. Ownes, and G.G. Malliaras 108 Evolution of Thin-FilmMorphology Modeling and Simulations By M. Pelliccione and T.-M. Lu 109 Reactive Sputter Deposition Editors: D. Depla and S. Mahieu

102 Photonic Crystal Fibers Properties and Applications By F. Poli, A. Cucinotta, and S. Selleri

110 The Physics of Organic Superconductors and Conductors Editor: A. Lebed

103 Polarons in Advanced Materials Editor: A.S. Alexandrov

111 Molecular Catalysts for Energy Conversion Editors: T. Okada and M. Kaneko

104 Transparent Conductive Zinc Oxide Basics and Applications in Thin Film Solar Cells Editors: K. Ellmer, A. Klein, and B. Rech 105 Dilute III-V Nitride Semiconductors and Material Systems Physics and Technology Editor: A. Erol

112 Atomistic and Continuum Modeling of Nanocrystalline Materials Deformation Mechanisms and Scale Transition By M. Cherkaoui and L. Capolungo 113 Crystallography and the World of Symmetry By S.K. Chatterjee

Volumes 50–98 are listed at the end of the book.

Sanat K. Chatterjee

Crystallography and the World of Symmetry With 104 Figures

ABC

Professor Sanat K. Chatterjee National Institute of Technology, Physics Department, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur-713209, West Bengal, India E-mail: sanat [email protected]

Series Editors:

Professor Robert Hull

Professor Jürgen Parisi

University of Virginia Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Thornton Hall Charlottesville, VA 22903-2442, USA

Universität Oldenburg, Fachbereich Physik Abt. Energie- und Halbleiterforschung Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–11 26129 Oldenburg, Germany

Professor R. M. Osgood, Jr.

Professor Hans Warlimont

Microelectronics Science Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University Seeley W. Mudd Building New York, NY 10027, USA

Institut für Festkörperund Werkstofforschung, Helmholtzstrasse 20 01069 Dresden, Germany

Springer Series in Materials Science ISSN 0933-033x ISBN 978-3-540-69898-2

e-ISBN 978-3-540-69899-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008930151 © Springer-Verlag