Cu-Sn-Pb Alloy Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy and Its Application for Standard Curve Establishment of Portable X-Ray Fl
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Cu-Sn-Pb Alloy Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy and Its Application for Standard Curve Establishment of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument for Alloy Analysis on Bronze Relics Dongsheng Wen1, Ya Xiao1, 2, Guangyi Yao1, Weiqiang Zhou3, Yan Qi3, Shaojun Liu1, * 1 Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410083 2 Hunan Provincial of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute, Changsha, China, 410000 3 Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage, Xi’an, China, 710075 * Corresponding author, Email address: [email protected] (S. J. Liu) ABSTRACT One of the most important non-destructive methods for on-site analysis of bronze artifacts is portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF). However, bronze artifacts are usually heterogeneous in composition due to, among other things, the segregation of lead, which is hard to be eliminated through annealing treatments. In the present work, Cu-Sn-Pb alloys with homogenous composition and microstructure is fabricated by powder metallurgy technique. The suitability of the standard curve using Cu-Sn-Pb alloys by powder metallurgy as the standard samples for XRF on the analysis of bronze artifacts is evaluated. It is shown that this proposed method can be transferred to portable XRF to acquire accurate on-site composition information of bronze artifacts. INTRODUCTION Bronze is one of the most recognized alloys found to have been used to fabricate artifacts – from decorations to weapons – in ancient China. Bronze artifacts have been extensively studied with particular focus on alloy composition, metallurgy processing, and corrosion mechanism [14]. One of the most important non-destructive methods for on-site analysis of bronze artifacts is portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) [5-8]. This method requires establishing a standard curve for portable XRF instruments to ensure that data is accurately acquired and the resulting elemental information is correct. Unfortunately, it is hard to collect large enough samples from bronze artifacts. Additionally, misleading data can be introduced by the effect of corrosion by-products on bronze artifacts [7]. Since lead is both denser than and not soluble in both copper and tin it can create additional issues including segregation in bronze alloys. This is commonly found in bronze artifacts, which results in the difficulty in creating a standardized calibration curvature for XRF analysis of archeological bronze. In contrast, it is well known that powder metallurgy technology can fabricate alloys with more homogeneous composition distribution and microstructure and may offer an alternative to creating better reference standards. This study aims to establish a standard method, which can be used to increase the reliability of established standard calibration curves for portable XRF. The suitability of established standard curves using Cu-Sn-Pb alloys by powder metallurgy (PM) as the standard bronze samples was evaluated as well. EXPERIMENTS
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