Cultural Globalization and Music African Artists in Transnational Ne
This book is about South-North, North-South relations between Africa and Europe, presenting the personal narratives of musicians in different locations across Africa and Europe, and those of the people who constitute their networks within the wider artist
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8.1. Introduction 8.1.1. The state of mangrove coastlines: information derived from remote sensing Although mangrove forests constitute only 0.7% of tropical forests, they provide important ecological services, such as the protection of coasts against erosion by waves, and the storage of carbon (see Chapter 7 of this Volume). They also provide nursery and spawning zones for aquatic species. The development of remote sensing since the 1970s has greatly expanded our understanding of mangrove environments. NOAA, Landsat, SPOT and ERS satellite images have enabled the mapping of mangrove forests on a global scale [SPA 97, SPA 10]. In 2000, an estimated 130,000 km of coastline was covered by mangrove forests, or about 17% of coastlines worldwide and 65% of tropical coastlines (Figure 8.1). Several studies using remote sensing have been dedicated to monitoring changes in mangrove area and have been used to draw up statistics by country [SPA 97, SPA 10].
Chapter written by Romain WALCKER, Nicolas GRATIOT and Edward J. ANTHONY.
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Land Surface Remote Sensing in Urban and Coastal Areas
Figure 8.1. Global distribution of mangrove forests: Map created using data from Giri et al. [GIR 11]
8.1.2. The Guianas’ mangrove coastline: a challenge for coastal applications of remote sensing The 1,500 km-long mangrove coastline of the Guianas, between the mouths of the Amazon and the Orinoco Rivers in South America, is the most variable coastline in the world in terms of intensity and frequency of changes [ANT 10]. About 150 million tons of sediment from the Amazon, or about 15–20% of the annual Amazon sediment load, is transported along this coastline every year. A combination of hydrodynamic mechanisms involving the mixing of fresh and salt water, and interactions with waves, tides and currents, produces, just north of the mouth of the Amazon, large coastal mud banks on which mangrove forests thrive. Remote sensing has shown that these Amazon-derived banks, spaced several tens of kilometers apart and which can be up to 60 km long and 20 km wide, migrate toward the mouths of the Orinoco at a speed of 0.5–3 km per year [GAR 05]. The coastal system associated with these mud banks and their alongshore migration constitutes a unique natural laboratory for studying the interactions between ocean waves, muddy coasts and mangrove forests. This coastline has been monitored through remote sensing observations since the middle of the 2000s, notably following the installation of a receiving station (called SEAS) for SPOT satellite images in French Guiana specifically aimed at producing data on the Amazon-influenced environment. The use of remote sensing in the Amazon coastal region has undoubtedly improved our understanding of this environment by unraveling sedimentary and ecological processes in coastal zones that are otherwise largely inaccessible.
Remote Sensing-based Monitoring of the Muddy Mangrove Coastline of French Guiana
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8.1.3. Chapter outline With this regional and thematic context in mind, we present four examples of app
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