Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) extracts aid murine ma
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) extracts aid murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) to fight Streptococcus mutans during in vitro infection Leandro Wagner Figueira1 · Jonatas Rafael de Oliveira1,2 · Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo3 · Luciane Dias de Oliveira1 Received: 9 May 2019 / Revised: 21 December 2019 / Accepted: 5 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Finding an effective alternative way to aid defense cells to fight Streptococcus mutans was the main goal of this study. The effect of plant extracts from Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) was evaluated on murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) infected by S. mutans. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined. Macrophages were infected by S. mutans and treated with each extract. From the supernatants, it was measured nitric oxide (NO) level. Posteriorly, RAW 264.7 were lysed to expose living and phagocytosed bacteria. Cytotoxicity was checked by lysosomal activity analysis, using neutral red assay. Each extract helped RAW 264.7 to eliminate S. mutans during infection, as observed by a significant bacterial reduction. Significant cell viability was also found. Besides, an increased production of NO was verified using R. officinalis L. and T. vulgaris L. extracts. The evaluated extracts demonstrated an effective action to assist RAW 264.7 to fight S. mutans during infection. Keywords Curcuma longa l. · Host–pathogen interaction · Macrophages · Rosmarinus officinalis l. · Streptococcus mutans · Thymus vulgaris L.
Introduction Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * Jonatas Rafael de Oliveira [email protected] Leandro Wagner Figueira [email protected] Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo [email protected] Luciane Dias de Oliveira [email protected] 1
Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, Jardim São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP 12245‑000, Brazil
2
Anhembi Morumbi University, School of Medicine, Av. Dep. Benedito Matarazzo, 4050, São José dos Campos, SP 12230‑002, Brazil
3
Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
Streptococcus mutans is one of the primary etiological agents of dental caries. This bacterium can form a biofilm on the tooth surface, metabolize several sugars, and survive a low pH level (Lemos et al. 2013). From oral biofilm, S. mutans can reach the bloodstream justly for everyday activ‑ ities, such as vigorous tooth brushing and even chewing. Traumas in the oral cavity and dental extractions can also lead to bacteremia. The presence of S. mutans in the blood‑ stream can cause its colonization in some organs, such as heart valves, particularly in patients with preexisting lesions (Lockhart et al. 2009). Once installed, S. mutans p
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