Current Progress in Solid-State Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Mini-Review
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08483-2 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
Current Progress in Solid-State Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Mini-Review NING WANG,1 JINGJING HU,1 LIGUO GAO
,1,4 and TINGLI MA2,3,5
1.—State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China. 2.—Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan. 3.—Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China. 4.—e-mail: [email protected]. 5.—e-mail: [email protected]
Low-cost and high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are considered promising candidates for commercial application. As one of the crucial components, electrolytes are considered the limiting factor for long-term DSSC stability. As alternative materials, solid-state electrolytes have been used in DSSCs, which may solve the problem of liquid electrolytes, such as leakage and volatilization. In this review, we define solid-state electrolytes as inorganic hole transport materials (HTMs), organic HTMs, ionic conductive polymer electrolytes, and ionic liquid polymer electrolytes according to the different types of carriers and summarize the latest development trends of these electrolytes. We discuss in detail the mechanism of solid-state dyesensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs), including the hole transfer process at the dye/hole-conductor interface and factors that reduce the efficiency of ssDSSCs, and summarize several methods to improve the efficiency and long-term stability of ssDSSCs. These may facilitate the research and development of electrolytes for ssDSSCs. Key words: Dye-sensitized solar cells, solid-state electrolytes, solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, hole transport materials, solar cells
INTRODUCTION Solar energy is clean, environmentally friendly, and unlimited, and solar power can be effectively utilized by solar cells efficiently and at a low environmental cost.1 The various solar cells that have emerged in recent decades can be divided into three generations. In order to solve the shortcomings of the first two generations (silicon solar cells and thin-film solar cells), such as their complicated fabrication process, long energy payback time, and use of hazardous chemicals, a third generation of solar cell was proposed and developed, including dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs),2 quantum dot sensitized solar cells,3 organic polymer solar cells,4
(Received January 4, 2020; accepted September 11, 2020)
perovskite solar cells,5 and others. Compared with other solar cells in the same generation, DSSCs have a series of advantages such as a simple device structure, rapid energy recovery period, and longer lifetime. The outstanding work of Gra¨tzel and O’Regan in 1991 introduced the concept of DSSCs and many efforts have since been made to improve their performance.6 DSSCs are composed of five main parts: a conductive substrate [fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)
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