CXCL1 and CXCR2 as potential markers for vital reactions in skin contusions
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
CXCL1 and CXCR2 as potential markers for vital reactions in skin contusions Jie-Tao He 1 & Hong-Yan Huang 1 & Dong Qu 1 & Ye Xue 1 & Kai-kai Zhang 1 & Xiao-Li Xie 2 & Qi Wang 1 Accepted: 2 March 2018 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract Detection of the vitality of wounds is one of the most important issues in forensic practice. This study investigated mRNA and protein levels of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in skin wounds in mice and humans. Western blot analysis of CXCL1 and CXCR2 protein levels showed no difference between wounded and intact skin. However, mRNA levels demonstrated higher expression of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in contused mouse and human skin, compared with intact skin. At postmortem there were no remarkable changes in CXCL1 and CXCR2 mRNA levels in contused mouse skin. Increased mRNA expression was observed in contused mouse skin up to 96 h and 72 h after death for CXCL1 and CXCR2 respectively. In human samples of wounded skin, increased CXCL1 mRNA levels were detected up to 48 h after autopsy in all 5 cases, while increased CXCR2 mRNA levels were observed 48 h after autopsy in 4 of 5 cases. These findings suggest that the levels of CXCL1 and CXCR2 mRNA present in contused skin can be used as potential markers for a vital reaction in forensic practice. Keywords Forensic pathology . Skin contusion . Vital reaction . CXCL1 . CXCR2
Introduction In forensic practice, detection of the vitality of wounds is essential to clarify the relationship between the cause of death and the wounds detected in cadavers [1]. However, it is sometimes difficult to discriminate ante-mortem wounds from postmortem damage in forensic practice because of a lack of macroscopic objective evidence, especially when the wounds are inflicted very close to the time of death [2]. Several studies
Jie-Tao He and Hong-Yan Huang contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-018-9969-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Xiao-Li Xie [email protected] * Qi Wang [email protected] 1
2
Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
have reported that some functional categories and signaling pathways can be used in the determination of wound vitality and wound age estimation [1–7]. Our previous study used Illumina RNA-seq technology to determine gene expression profiles in contused mouse skin [8]. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) mRNA levels were significantly upregulated 30 min after contusion in mouse skin [8]. However, the application values of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in forensic practice have not been fully evaluated. This study
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