Cytotoxicity of pristine and functionalized tungsten disulfide particles in the urinary system
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RESEARCH PAPER
Cytotoxicity of pristine and functionalized tungsten disulfide particles in the urinary system Lorena Garcia-Hevia & Irene Roehrer & Tommaso Mazzocchi & Arianna Menciassi & Leonardo Ricotti
Received: 29 April 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Tungsten disulfide (WS2) particles have excellent lubrication properties and low surface energy. These features are exploited for numerous applications in the biomedical field, from the development of lowfriction orthodontic wires to urinary encrustationresisting coatings. Nevertheless, the cytotoxicity of spherical WS2 particles still remains unclear. We report the biocompatibility of pristine WS2 particles in human urinary bladder cells after the exposure to a wide range of concentrations (from 0 to 100 μg/mL). Based on the cell viability assessments using trypan blue exclusion assay and the PrestoBlue Cell viability reagent after 24, 48, and 72 h exposure, it can be concluded that these particle aggregates, with a diameter of ~ 500 nm, do not show any evidence of alterations or toxicity in the cells, even with high concentrations there exist a 87% of cell viability. Furthermore, due to the predisposition to agglomerate of this material and the possible use as a coating in urinary devices, we functionalized these L. Garcia-Hevia : I. Roehrer : T. Mazzocchi : A. Menciassi : L. Ricotti The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy L. Garcia-Hevia : I. Roehrer : T. Mazzocchi : A. Menciassi : L. Ricotti Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy L. Garcia-Hevia (*) Nanomedicine Group, IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain e-mail: [email protected]
particles with carboxylic groups. Aggregates with a diameter of ~ 370 nm were obtained. Zeta potential measurements highlighted that carboxylation correctly occurred, showing a switch from ~ + 4 for pristine particles to ~ − 35 for COOH-functionalized ones. Cytotoxic studies with these functionalized WS2 particles also showed good biocompatibility on human urinary bladder cells, with an 86% of viability after incubation with 100 μg/mL of particles over 72 h. These results highlight a good potential of WS2 particles for a future safe application as components of implantable medical devices. Keywords Cytotoxicity . WS2 particles . Urinary system . Biocompatibility . Tungsten disulfide
Introduction Nanotechnology has extensive applications in several fields, including biology, biotechnology, and medicine. A considerable amount of particles have been proposed in biomedical and healthcare products (Jeevanandam et al. 2018). However, most of them, also when they are made of inert elements, can result highly active or even toxic in the biology context (De Jong and Borm 2008; Bahadar et al. 2016). Several nanoparticle features such as size, shape and surface chemistry play essential roles in nanotoxicity (Ai et al. 2011). Therefore, it is crucial to find na
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