Daily Associations Between Sleep and Physical Activity
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Daily Associations Between Sleep and Physical Activity Michael P. Mead 1
&
Kelly Baron 2 & Morgan Sorby 3 & Leah A. Irish 1,3
# International Society of Behavioral Medicine 2019
Abstract Background Research has demonstrated a correlational relationship between sleep and physical activity, though this work has been largely cross sectional and fails to demonstrate temporal relationships. The purpose of this study was to test the daily, bidirectional relationships between sleep and physical activity, and whether this varied between weekdays and weekend days. Method Fifty-four healthy, young adults wore a Fitbit Flex to measure sleep and physical activity during a 6-day study period. Results Mixed linear models revealed that physical activity did not predict subsequent night’s sleep. However, on nights when participants had longer than their own average total sleep time, and greater than their own average wake after sleep onset, this predicted less physical activity the following day. Conclusion Results suggest that, in healthy young adults, physical activity may not promote healthier subsequent sleep, but sleep duration and continuity influence physical activity in their own way. Young adults may respond differently to health promotion efforts, and a greater understanding of these temporal associations can enhance the efficacy of these efforts. Keywords Sleep . Physical activity . 24-h health behavior . Fitbit
Introduction Both insufficient sleep and low physical activity are associated with poor health outcomes [1, 2], and individuals who are more physically active tend to have healthier sleep [3–5]. In fact, physical activity may lead to better sleep quality, and sleep may promote more physical activity, but the direction of these relationships is not well established [6–8]. Metaanalyses have demonstrated that exercise training programs subsequently improve sleep [9, 10], but prospective studies testing the effects of sleep interventions on subsequent physical activity are rare, and the few studies to date have not
* Michael P. Mead [email protected] Kelly Baron [email protected] Morgan Sorby [email protected] Leah A. Irish [email protected] 1
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
2
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
3
Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA
demonstrated that sleep interventions promote greater physical activity levels [3]. More recently, research has begun to examine how daily fluctuations in physical activity and sleep may relate to one another. Measuring daily fluctuations of physical activity and sleep over multiple days provides a more effective framework for examining temporal relationships between physical activity and sleep. In fact, Irish et al. [11] proposed a 24-h health behavior framework that allows researchers to more effectively examine the daily, temporal relationships between waking health behaviors (i.e., physical activity) and sleep. They posit that by collecting daily data over an extended period of time, it all
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