Data Assimilation Making Sense of Observations
Data assimilation methods were largely developed for operational weather forecasting, but in recent years have been applied to an increasing range of earth science disciplines. This book will set out the theoretical basis of data assimilation with contrib
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William Lahoz · Boris Khattatov · Richard Ménard Editors
Data Assimilation Making Sense of Observations
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Editors Dr. William Lahoz Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning, Norwegian Institute for Air Research Atmospheric and Climate Research Instituttveien 18 Kjeller 2007 Norway [email protected]
Dr. Boris Khattatov 373 Arapahoe Avenue Boulder CO 80302 USA [email protected]
Dr. Richard Ménard Environment Canada Atmospheric Science & Technology Directorate 2121 Trans-Canada Highway Dorval QC H9P 1J3 Canada [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-540-74702-4 e-ISBN 978-3-540-74703-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010925150 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Chapter 1, 5, and 6 are published with kind permission of Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. All rights reserved Chapter 15 is published with kind permission of © British Crown Copyright, 2010, The Met office, UK. All rights reserved This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Bauer, Thomas Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
Part I
Theory
Data Assimilation and Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . William Lahoz, Boris Khattatov, and Richard Ménard
3
Mathematical Concepts of Data Assimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N.K. Nichols
13
Variational Assimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olivier Talagrand
41
Ensemble Kalman Filter: Current Status and Potential . . . . . . . . . Eugenia Kalnay
69
Error Statistics in Data Assimilation: Estimation and Modelling . . . . Mark Buehner
93
Bias Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard Ménard
113
The Principle of Energetic Consistency in Data Assimilation . . . . . . Stephen E. Cohn
137
Evaluation of Assimilation Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olivier Talagrand
217
Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Lynch and Xiang-Yu Huang
241
Part II
Observations
The Global Observing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jean-Noël Thépaut and Erik Andersson
263
Assimilat
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