Data Processing in Precise Time and Frequency Applications

Physical processes, involving atomic phenomena, allow more and more precise time and frequency measurements. This progress is not possible without convenient processing of the respective raw data. The book describes the data processing at various levels:

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Scientific Publication Committee Chair: Jacques Octave Dubois (France) Past Chair: Heinrich Behrens (Germany) Members: Jean Garnier (France) Krishan Lal (India) Paul Mezey (Canada) Vladimir Yungman (Russia)

CODATA Secretariat Executive Director: K. Cass 51, Boulevard de Montmorency 75016 Paris, France E-mail: [email protected] http://www.codata.org

M. Desaintfuscien

Data Processing in Precise Time and Frequency Applications

With 66 Figures and 15 Tables

123

CODATA Secretariat K. Cass, Exec. Director 51, Boulevard de Montmorency 75016 Paris, France

Author: Michel Desaintfuscien 21, Domaine de Montvoisin 91400 Gometz la Ville, France

The image on the front cover comes from an animation which shows worldwide Internet traffic. The color and height of the arcs between the countries encode the data-packet counts and destinations, while the “skyscraper” glyphs (or icons) encode total traffic volume at any site. This image was generated by Stephen G. Eick at the AT&T Bell Laboratories.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006936074

ISBN 978-3-540-48877-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Typesetting and production: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig Cover design: eStudio Calamar, Spain Printed on acid-free paper 52/3100/YL - 5 4 3 2 1 0

to my mother

Introduction to the Series

CODATA is an interdisciplinary Scientific Committee of the International Council for Science (ICSU). The mission of CODATA is to strengthen international science for the benefit of society by promoting improved scientific and technical data management and use. It works to improve the quality, reliability, management and accessibility of data of importance to all fields of science and technology. CODATA is a resource that provides scientists and engineers with access to international data activities for increased awareness, direct cooperation and new know