Dealloyed nanoporous materials for rechargeable lithium batteries
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Dealloyed nanoporous materials for rechargeable lithium batteries Xuan Wu1,2 · Guang He1 · Yi Ding1 Received: 27 February 2020 / Revised: 28 March 2020 / Accepted: 25 April 2020 © Shanghai University and Periodicals Agency of Shanghai University 2020
Abstract Dealloying has been recognized as a universal strategy to fabricate various functional electrode materials with open networks, nanoscale ligaments, tunable pore sizes and rich surface chemistry, all of which are very attractive characteristics for rechargeable lithium batteries. In particular, lithium ion insertion/extraction in metal anodes is naturally associated with the alloying/dealloying mechanism. The past decade has witnessed rapid growth of this research field with enormous progress. In this review article, we first summarize the recent development and microstructural regulation of dealloyed materials. Next, we focus on the rational design of nanoporous electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries and related structure-performance correlations. Finally, some critical issues and perspectives are presented to guide the future development directions of such promising technology for high-energy batteries. Keywords Dealloying · Lithium batteries · Nanoporous · Rechargeable · Electrodes
1 Introduction Dealloying, or selective leaching, is an alloy corrosion process in which less noble elements in alloy precursors are preferentially etched away to generate three-dimensional (3D) open frameworks with interconnected backbones (ligaments) and nanoscale pore channels. The constituent elements in the alloy precursors are usually of significant difference in their oxidation potentials. During the dealloying process, the residual atoms remain connected to their neighboring atoms and the pores stay open, finally creating a selfassembled spongy structure. As the dissolution proceeds, the volume fraction (porosity) of the resulting structures can typically evolve within a range of 40%–80%, as determined by the alloy parting limit and the percolation threshold [1, 2]. Homogeneous nanopore/ligament distributions are determined by the rates of dealloying and surface diffusion, * Yi Ding [email protected] 1
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low‑Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
2
and their length scales can range from a few nanometers to micrometers by rationally tuning the precursor alloys, etching parameters, and subsequent post-annealing treatments [3, 4]. Hierarchical networks with multimodal pore sizes can also be achieved through stepwise structuring of the parent-phase alloys [5]. Nanoporous metals (NPMs) are among the most studied dealloyed materials [6–11]. Compared with their bulk counterparts, they exhibit novel mechanical, physical, chemical, and bio
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