Decline of depressive symptoms in Europe: differential trends across the lifespan
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Decline of depressive symptoms in Europe: differential trends across the lifespan Johannes Beller1 · Enrique Regidor2,3 · Lourdes Lostao4 · Alexander Miething5 · Christoph Kröger6 · Batoul Safieddine1 · Fabian Tetzlaff1 · Stefanie Sperlich1 · Siegfried Geyer1 Received: 4 March 2020 / Accepted: 24 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose We examined changes in the burden of depressive symptoms between 2006 and 2014 in 18 European countries across different age groups. Methods We used population-based data drawn from the European Social Survey (N = 64.683, 54% female, age 14–90 years) covering 18 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) from 2006 to 2014. Depressive symptoms were measured via the CES-D 8. Generalized additive models, multilevel regression, and linear regression analyses were conducted. Results We found a general decline in CES-D 8 scale scores in 2014 as compared with 2006, with only few exceptions in some countries. This decline was most strongly pronounced in older adults, less strongly in middle-aged adults, and least in young adults. Including education, health and income partially explained the decline in older but not younger or middleaged adults. Conclusions Burden of depressive symptoms decreased in most European countries between 2006 and 2014. However, the decline in depressive symptoms differed across age groups and was most strongly pronounced in older adults and least in younger adults. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms that contribute to these overall and differential changes over time in depressive symptoms. Keywords Depression · Mental health · Trend · Population · Compression of morbidity
Introduction * Johannes Beller Beller.Johannes@mh‑hannover.de 1
Medical Sociology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Center for Public Health and Health Care, Carl‑Neuberg‑Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
2
Department of Public Health and Maternal and Child Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
3
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
4
Department of Medical Sociology, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
5
Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
6
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
Depression is one of the most common and severe mental impairments. It is estimated that about 264 million people worldwide are affected [32]. Besides being a serious disorder itself, depression is also a major predictor of other healthrelated outcomes like cardiovascular events, treatment noncompliance, musculoskeletal pain, absenteeism, dementia, and suicide [16, 20, 21, 45]. Accordingly, the Global Burden of Disease Study of the World Health Organization estimates that depression is one of the leading causes of disability [34, 54]. Th
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