Decrease in sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak
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PSYCHIATRICS • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Decrease in sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak Adriano D. S. Targa 1,2 & Iván D. Benítez 1,2 & Anna Moncusí-Moix 1,2 & Maria Arguimbau 1,2 & Jordi de Batlle 1,2 & Mireia Dalmases 1,2 & Ferran Barbé 1,2,3 Received: 5 August 2020 / Revised: 14 September 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose The COVID-19 outbreak witnessed in the first months of 2020 has led to unprecedented changes in society’s lifestyles. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of this unexpected context on sleep. Methods During the COVID-19 outbreak, we performed an online survey with individuals formerly recruited for validation of the Spanish version of the sleep questionnaire Satisfaction, Alertness, Timing, Efficiency, and Duration (SATED). In the current survey, we asked the participants to complete the previously answered questionnaires including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a modified version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the SATED questionnaire. We also assessed the mood by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. Results The 71 participants were mostly women (75%) with a mean (± SD) age of 40.7 ± 11.9 years. Comparing the previous PSQI score to that during the COVID-19 outbreak, we observed worsening sleep quality (5.45 ± 3.14 to 6.18 ± 3.03 points, p = 0.035). In parallel, there was an increase in the negative mood (p = 0.002). Accordingly, the decrease in sleep quality was substantially correlated with negative mood (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the ESS or SATED. Conclusions The COVID-19 outbreak–associated events correlate with decreased sleep quality in association with an increase in negative mood. Considering the importance of sleep for a healthy life, and in particular for immune function, efforts should be made to improve awareness on this matter and to offer psychological assistance to affected individuals. Keywords COVID-19 . Restrictive measures . Sleep . Mood
Abbreviations BMI Body mass index ESS Modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale POMS Profile of Mood States
Adriano D. S. Targa and Iván D. Benítez contributed equally to this work. Adriano D. S. Targa and Iván D. Benítez are co-first authors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-020-02202-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ferran Barbé [email protected] 1
Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova-Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
2
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
3
Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
PSQI SATED
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Satisfaction, Alertness, Timing, Efficiency, and Duration
Introduction The COVID-19 outbreak witnessed in the first months of 2020 led to unprecedented changes in society’s lifestyle. In
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