Defending India
Defending India attempts to comprehensively analyse the management of conflicts and security challenges faced by India during its first half century as a free country. The book is unique in being both the first in its genre and also in that it has been au
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Also by Jaswant Singh NATIONAL SECURITY: An Outline of our Concerns SHAURYA TEJO (with S. P. Bhatia)
Defending India Jaswant Singh
Deputy Chairman Planning Commission of India New Delhi
First published in Great Britain 1999 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-27193-1 ISBN 978-1-349-27191-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27191-7 First published in the United States of America 1999 by
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-22066-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Singh, Jaswant, 1938Defending India / Jaswant Singh. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index ISBN 978-0-312-22066-2 (cloth) 1. National security-India. I. Title. UA840.S45 1998 355' .033054--dc21 98--42210 CIP First published in India 1999 by
MACMILLAN INDIA LTD
315/316 Raheja Chambers, 12 Museum Road, Bangalore 560 001
ISBN 978-0-333-93210-0 This edition is available only in India. © Jaswant Singh 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 08
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Dedicated to the soldiers, sailors and ainnen of India
CONTENTS
viii
Introduction
xxvii
Acknowledgements
xxix
Preface
1
1
Strategic Culture
2
Armed Forces
3
Independent India's Military Operations
142
4
Defence Spending and Force Structure
213
5
The Future
265
Index
295
Postscript
306
61
vii
INTRODUCTION This book is a significant contribution to the growing debate in India on national security and the country's role in the emerging international system. The author, Mr Jaswant Singh, now the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission is the political leader of highest standing to address the issues of security and foreign policy in the last 50 years of Indian independence in an analytical way in a book and not as a compilation of speeches. Since the party to which he belongs, the Bharatiya Janata Party, has overtaken the Congress Party in the votes polled in the country and in the seats i
