Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking
Delay and/or Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) protocols are important when dealing with partitioned wireless communication clusters, i.e., when dynamic connections are often broken for longer times than the maximum allowed network latency. In this cha
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Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking Ronald in ’t Velt, Ingrid Mulders, Arwid Komulainen, and Michael Goetz
Delay and/or Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) protocols are important when dealing with partitioned wireless communication clusters, i.e., when dynamic connections are often broken for longer times than the maximum allowed network latency. A combination of ad-hoc and DTN functionalities is key for underwater sensor networking where AUVs can temporarily leave the network area or where a submarine can go silent for a while [1–3]. DTN is an active research field, especially in terrestrial and space applications such as wildlife tracking, vehicular networks (mobile ad-hoc networks, MANETs), interplanetary networks, or in situations after a disaster, where the protocol enables transport of the data between groups of disconnected mobile nodes, if the communication path between senders and receivers is completely broken or disconnected for longer time periods (e.g., emission control) [4–7]. Several delay-tolerant networking protocols have been developed in the past years [1–27]. Amongst others, the (now disbanded) DTN Research Group of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) made some significant contributions by developing an architecture [28] and specifying protocols for DTN. The most important product of this group is the Bundle Protocol specification [29]. The DTN Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is revising and standardizing the Bundle Protocol.
R. in ’t Velt · I. Mulders Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, Netherlands A. Komulainen Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Stockholm, Sweden M. Goetz Fraunhofer-Institut für Kommunikation, Informationsverarbeitung und Ergonomie (FKIE), Bonn, Germany © The Author(s) 2020 D. Sotnik et al. (eds.), Cognitive Underwater Acoustic Networking Techniques, SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61658-1_4
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4.1 Store-Carry-Forward Paradigm Before explaining the Bundle Protocol specification, the Store-Carry-Forward paradigm [5] is introduced, a key element of DTN. In a conventional packet-switched (non-flooding) network layer such as IP, a network node that is to forward a packet consults its Forwarding Information Base (FIB) to determine the Next Hop address associated with the destination address of the packet. If a Next Hop address is found, then the packet may sit in a queue of the associated outgoing interface for a while, waiting its turn, but it will eventually be transmitted: this is referred to as Store-andForward. However, if no Next Hop address for the given destination is present in the FIB, then the node has no other option than to discard the packet. DTN allows a node to hold on a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) for which a Next Hop is not readily available. If the node is mobile, then its movements may bring it within communication range of the final destination of that PDU or within range of a suitable Next Hop: hence
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